Simple Ventilators for Emergency Use Based on Bag-Valve Pressing Systems: Lessons Learned and Future Steps

Castro-Camus, E.; Ornik, Jan; Mach, Cornelius; Hernandez-Cardoso, G. G.; Savalia, Bhushan; Taiber, Jochen; Ruiz-Marquez, Armando; Kesper, Karl; Konde, Srumika; Sommer, Caroline; Wiener, Julian; Geisel, David; Hüppe, Franziska; Kräling, Gunter; Mross, Peter; Nguyen, Johnny; Wiesmann, Thomas; Beutel, Björn; Koch, Martin

doi:10.3390/app10207229

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The cost of the prototype has been of approximately 1200 USD, while with appropriate adjustments, the cost of the final product can be reduced to 800 USD. Considering the system features protection against overpressure and warning alarms, its cost is considerably lower than most commercial respirators [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These devices exist in various sizes that suit different ages and air volumes [6,7]. Manual respirators are meant to be used only during emergencies, given the inconvenience of requiring the constant implication of an operator that can become exhausted after protracted periods of time [8][9][10]. This also has the inconvenience of not letting the operator, usually a medical staffer, attend to other patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design for the Automation of an AMBU Spur II Manual Respirator

et al. 2021

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This article shows the design of a device to automatize an Ambu Spur II manual respirator. The aim of this compassionate medicine device is to provide an emergency alternative to conventional electric respirators—which are in much shortage—during the present COVID-19 pandemic. To develop the device, the classical method of product design based on concurrent engineering has been employed. First, the specifications of the machine have been determined, including the function determining the air volume provided at every moment of the breathing cycle; second, an adequate compression mechanism has been designed; third, the control circuit of the motor has been determined, which can be operated via a touchscreen and which includes sensor feedback; fourth, the device has been materialized with readily available materials and market components, mostly of low cost; and fifth, the machine has been successfully tested, complying with sanitary regulations and operating within desirable ranges. The device has been already manufactured to supply respirators to several hospitals around the Catalan Autonomous Community in Spain, but can also be replicated in developing countries such as Ecuador.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design for the Automation of an AMBU Spur II Manual Respirator

et al. 2021

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“…From that respiratory signal, the number of amplitude (R peaks) is determined in 10 seconds. The respiratory rate (RR) is defined by (7). A smaller rise time can ensure high flow at the beginning of the inspiration.…”

Section: ) Rr Extraction Algorithm From Measured Ppg Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the published works have proposed either a form of conventional bag valve mask (BVM) [4] or a pressure regulatory valve system [5]. A BVM system integrates electronic bag squeezing mechanism at a set frequency [6][7][8][9] based on an idea first reported in a research paper by Husseini et al [10]. One of the main disadvantages of these type of systems is that the air volume cannot be adjusted based on the patient's 2 requirement which thus poses a potential risk of damage to the lungs [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Non-Invasive Electromechanical Ventilator With Feedback Mechanism

Nuary Alam,

Faiz,

Akash

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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The use of non-invasive ventilator (NIV) is common in both acute and chronic respiratory failure. It delivers oxygenated air into the lungs via positive pressure but requires careful monitoring and titration to avoid complications. Some of the major challenges in NIV research are improving synchronicity between patient and NIV, monitoring capabilities, portability, cost, and simple operation with myriad modes to improve patient adherence. This current paper proposes a non-invasive electromechanical ventilator which operates automatically based on real-time bio feedback to provide respiratory care considering patient's breathing requirement. The system monitors two biofeedback signals: namely the oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiratory rate (RR) to select appropriate mode of breathing aid and terminates operation when the patient's vital reaches safe value. To extract the feedback parameters, a simulation model has been developed in MATLAB where discrete wavelet transform is used to extract RR from the real time photoplethysmography (PPG) signal of the patient. The hardware-generated result exhibits a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 10% when compared to the output of the simulation model. The analyses of Box whisker and Bland Altman also demonstrated significant agreement between the measured RR and simulated RR for the younger demographic. This ventilator system has mean accuracy of 81% since it can deliver correct breathing pattern based on the biofeedback from the patient. This portable ventilator can be used by patients at home and clinics to get relief from breathing discomforts with an accessible control interface which does not require much prior medical knowledge.

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