Simplified Procedure for Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures while Retaining Gas-Phase Bioactivity

Harper-Leatherman, Amanda S.; Iftikhar, Mariam; Ndoi, Adela; Scappaticci, Steven J.; Lisi, George P.; Buzard, Kaitlyn L.; Garvey, Elizabeth M.

doi:10.1021/la3011025

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…After the carbon dioxide in the apparatus has transitioned from liquid to supercritical fluid and the venting process has begun, it is necessary to release the fluid at a slow rate over at least 45 min as indicated in the procedure 9 . A higher rate of release can decrease the viability of cyt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c encapsulated with metal nanoparticles is slightly more stable than cyt. c encapsulated without metal nanoparticles within the aerogels 9 . The CD spectra of both types of cyt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c typically requires an aqueous environment buffered to pH-neutral values to remain structurally intact and active, research has shown that cyt. c can retain its structure and function in solid materials known as aerogels under certain conditions [4][5][6][7][8][9] . Aerogels are highly porous materials often formed by synthesizing sol-gel metal oxides(While metal oxide aerogels are very common, carbon and other types of aerogels have been synthesized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once stabilized in the aerogel, the high-quality pore structure of the aerogel facilitates the reaction between cyt. c and nitric oxide 4,8,9 . Cyt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the most recent approach that we have developed, when the protein concentration and buffer strength are controlled along with other synthetic conditions, cyt. c retains integrity within the aerogels even without metal nanoparticle initial association 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

Harper-Leatherman

Pacer

Kosciuszek

2016

JoVE

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Applications such as sensors, batteries, and fuel cells have been improved through the use of highly porous aerogels when functional compounds are encapsulated within the aerogels. However, few reports on encapsulating proteins within sol-gels that are processed to form aerogels exist. A procedure for encapsulating cytochrome c (cyt. c) in silica (SiO 2 ) sol-gels that are supercritically processed to form bioaerogels with gas-phase activity for nitric oxide (NO) is presented. Cyt. c is added to a mixed silica sol under controlled protein concentration and buffer strength conditions. The sol mixture is then gelled and the liquid filling the gel pores is replaced through a series of solvent exchanges with liquid carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is brought to its critical point and vented off to form dry aerogels with cyt. c encapsulated inside. These bioaerogels are characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy and can be used to detect the presence of gas-phase nitric oxide. The success of this procedure depends on regulating the cyt. c concentration and the buffer concentration and does not require other components such as metal nanoparticles. It may be possible to encapsulate other proteins using a similar approach making this procedure important for potential future bioanalytical device development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c encapsulated with metal nanoparticles is slightly more stable than cyt. c encapsulated without metal nanoparticles within the aerogels 9 . The CD spectra of both types of cyt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once stabilized in the aerogel, the high-quality pore structure of the aerogel facilitates the reaction between cyt. c and nitric oxide 4,8,9 . Cyt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

Harper-Leatherman

Pacer

Kosciuszek

2016

JoVE

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Silica Aerogel: Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Recent Advancements

Rashid¹,

Shishir²,

Mahfuz³

et al. 2023

Part & Part Syst Charact

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Silica aerogels have drawn considerable attention due to their low density (almost 95% of the total volume is composed of air), hydrophobicity, optical transparency, low conductivity of heat, and large surface to volume ratio. Sol–gel processing is used to prepare aerogels from molecular precursors. To replace the pore fluid with air while retaining the solid network, a supercritical drying process (the most frequent approach) is used. However, recent technologies use atmospheric pressure to allow for liquid removal followed by chemical alteration of the gel's internal layer, which leaves only a silica network with a porous structure filled with air. This study discusses the sol–gel method for preparing silica aerogels and their various drying processes. Furthermore, various areas of applications of silica aerogels, including electronics, construction, aerospace, purification of water and air, sensing, catalyst, biomedical, absorbent, food packing, textile, etc., are also discussed. Lastly, this review provides a perception of the recent scientific progress along with the futuristic development of silica aerogel.

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Cytochrome c Stabilization and Immobilization in Aerogels

Harper-Leatherman¹,

Wallace²,

Rolison³

2016

Enzyme Stabilization and Immobilization

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Sol-gel-derived aerogels are three-dimensional, nanoscale materials that combine large surface area with high porosity. These traits make them useful for any rate-critical chemical process, particularly sensing or electrochemical applications, once physical or chemical moieties are incorporated into the gels to add their functionality to the ultraporous scaffold. Incorporating biomolecules into aerogels, other than such rugged species as lipases or cellulose, has been challenging due to the inability of most biomolecules to remain structurally intact within the gels during the necessary supercritical fluid (SCF) processing. However, the heme protein cytochrome c (cyt.c) forms self-organized superstructures around gold (or silver) nanoparticles in buffer that can be encapsulated into wet gels as the sol undergoes gelation. The guest-host wet gel can then be processed to form composite aerogels in which cyt.c retains its characteristic visible absorption. The gold (or silver) nanoparticle-nucleated superstructures protect the majority of the protein from the harsh physicochemical conditions necessary to form an aerogel. The Au~cyt.c superstructures exhibit rapid gas-phase recognition of nitric oxide (NO) within the bioaerogel matrix, as facilitated by the high-quality pore structure of the aerogel, while remaining viable for weeks at room temperature. More recently, careful control of synthetic parameters (e.g., buffer concentration, protein concentration, SCF extraction rate) have allowed for the preparation of cyt.c-silica aerogels, sans nucleating nanoparticles; these bioaerogels also exhibit rapid gas-phase sensing while retaining protein structural stability.

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Simplified Procedure for Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures while Retaining Gas-Phase Bioactivity

Cited by 11 publications

References 46 publications

Encapsulating Cytochrome <em>c</em> in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

Encapsulating Cytochrome <em>c</em> in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

Silica Aerogel: Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Recent Advancements

Cytochrome c Stabilization and Immobilization in Aerogels

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