Simulated altitude exercise training damages small intestinal mucosa barrier in the rats

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of simulated altitude training on the changes of small intestinal mucosa barrier, bacterial overgrowth and inflammatory response in the small intestine of rat. Male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal oxygen sedentary group (n=30), normal oxygen exercise group (n=30), low oxygen sedentary group (n=30) and low oxygen exercise group (n=30). Exercise training was on a treadmill for 1 hr per day on days 3, 6, and 9 in the hypoxia condition. Hematological profiles, hematolxylin and eosin staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to analyze the effect of simulated altitude training on the amount of bacteria, and expression of mRNA and protein. Simulated exercise training significantly increased red blood cells and hematocrit. The small intestinal mucosa barrier was significantly injured by the simulated altitude exercise training. Comparatively more bacterial growth was evident in the small intestine by the simulated altitude exercise training. mRNA levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly elevated by simulated altitude exercise training. These results suggest that the simulated altitude exercise training may impair the small intestinal mucosa barrier via elevation of bacterial growth and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and the up-regulation of NF-κB in the rats.

Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Protective Effect Against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Inactivation of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mice

“…H&E staining for liver histological change was observed in the same manner as described above [ 19 , 40 ]. The slides were soaked in Mayer’s hematoxylin (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) for 30 s, washed with water until clean, and again the slides were soaked in eosin (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) for 10 s and then washed with water.…”

“…Histopathological score of liver was evaluated in the same manner as described above [ 40 ]. Images from the H&E-stained slides were captured using an Image-Pro ® plus computer-assisted image analysis system (Media Cybernetics Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA) and images were observed with an optical microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).…”

The Effects of Korea Red Ginseng on Inflammatory Cytokines and Apoptosis in Rat Model with Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis

“…An aliquot of total RNA was reverse transcribed using MMuLV reverse transcriptase and Taq DNA polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), respectively. Primers for VEGFA, IL6, IL-1ß, TNF- α , and COX2 were designed in reverse transcription (RT- PCR) according to previous studies [18, 19].…”

Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonist Polydeoxyribonucleotide Alleviates Interstitial Cystitis-Induced Voiding Dysfunction by Suppressing Inflammation and Apoptosis in Rats

“…To observe histological changes in the bladder tissues, H&E staining was conducted in the same method as described below. 24 , 25 The slides were soaked in Harris hematoxylin (Young-Dong Diagnostics, Yongin, Korea) for 10 seconds and then washed with clean water. Then, the slides were dipped in eosin (Sigma Chemical Co.) for 5 seconds and washed again with distilled water.…”