Simulated detection of syndromic classical swine fever on a Finnish pig-breeding farm

Raulo, Saara; Lyytikäinen, Tapani

doi:10.1017/s0950268806006704

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It is also similar to the durations of 35, 37 and 38 days in Klinkenberg et al. (), Raulo and Lyytikainen () and Backer et al. (), respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…However, the authors also stated that the new activity might be useful in long CSF‐free periods, when farmers and veterinarians tend to become less aware of CSF. These Dutch studies are accompanied by studies in other European countries, particularly with regard to demonstration of CSF‐freedom (Feliziani et al., ; Martin et al., ; Boklund et al., ), Monte Carlo simulations (Karsten et al., ,b), syndromic surveillance (Raulo and Lyytikainen, ), and CSF awareness and risk‐based surveillance (Dürr et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Economic Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Surveillance in the Netherlands

Guo

Claassen

Loeffen³

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious pig disease that causes economic losses and impaired animal welfare. Improving the surveillance system for CSF can help to ensure early detection of the virus, thereby providing a better initial situation for controlling the disease. Economic analysis is required to compare the benefits of improved surveillance with the costs of implementing a more intensive system. This study presents a comprehensive economic analysis of CSF surveillance in the Netherlands, taking into account the specialized structure of Dutch pig production, differences in virulence of CSF strains and a complete list of possible surveillance activities. The starting point of the analysis is the current Dutch surveillance system (i.e. the default surveillance-setup scenario), including the surveillance activities 'daily clinical observation by the farmer', 'veterinarian inspection after a call', 'routine veterinarian inspection', 'pathology in AHS', 'PCR on tonsil in AHS', 'PCR on grouped animals in CVI' and 'confirmatory PCR by NVWA'. Alternative surveillance-setup scenarios were proposed by adding 'routine serology in slaughterhouses', 'routine serology on sow farms' and 'PCR on rendered animals'. The costs and benefits for applying the alternative surveillance-setup scenarios were evaluated by comparing the annual mitigated economic losses because of intensified CSF surveillance with the annual additional surveillance costs. The results of the cost-effectiveness analysis show that the alternative surveillance-setup scenarios with 'PCR on rendered animals' are effective for the moderately virulent CSF strain, whereas the scenarios with 'routine serology in slaughterhouses' or 'routine serology on sow farms' are effective for the low virulent strain. Moreover, the current CSF surveillance system in the Netherlands is cost-effective for both moderately virulent and low virulent CSF strains. The results of the cost-benefit analysis for the moderately virulent CSF strain indicate that the current surveillance system in the Netherlands is adequate. From an economic perspective, there is little to be gained from intensifying surveillance.

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“…It is also similar to the durations of 35, 37 and 38 days in Klinkenberg et al. (), Raulo and Lyytikainen () and Backer et al. (), respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Surveillance in the Netherlands

Guo

Claassen

Loeffen³

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…In previous studies, e.g. for classical swine fever, another pestivirus infection, similar delays were observed or simulated ( Elber et al, 1999 , Engel et al, 2005 , Raulo and Lyytikäinen, 2007 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

BVD-2 outbreak leads to high losses in cattle farms in Western Germany

Gethmann

Homeier

Holsteg

et al. 2015

Heliyon

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In November 2012, a dairy farmer in the district Kleve first observed a reduction in milk yield, respiratory symptoms, nasal discharge, fever, sporadic diarrhoea and sudden deaths in dairy cows and calves. In the following months, further farms were found infected with cattle showing similar clinical signs. An epidemiological investigation was carried out to identify the source of infection, the date of introduction, potential transmission pathways and to analyse the extent of the epidemic. Furthermore, laboratory analyses were conducted to characterise the causative agent. BVDV had been diagnosed in the index herd in December 2012, but due to the atypical clinical picture, the virus was not immediately recognised as the causative agent. Further laboratory analysis showed that this outbreak and subsequent infections in the area were caused by a BVD type 2c virus with a characteristic genome insertion, which seems to be associated with the occurrence of severe clinical symptoms in infected cattle.Epidemiological investigations showed that the probable date of introduction was in mid-October 2012. The high risk period was estimated as three months. A total of 21 affected farms with 5325 cattle were identified in two German Federal States. The virus was mainly transmitted by person contacts, but also by cattle trade and vehicles. The case-fatality rate was up to 60% and mortality in outbreak farms varied between 2.3 and 29.5%.The competent veterinary authorities imposed trade restrictions on affected farms. All persons who had been in contact with affected animals were advised to increase biosecurity measures (e.g. using farm-owned or disposable protective clothing). In some farms, affected animals were vaccinated against BVD to reduce clinical signs as an “emergency measure”. These measures stopped the further spread of the disease.

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“…Spread of CSF in a farm is a very complex process depending on individual incubation time, age of the pigs (Klinkenberg et al, 2002) contacts between animals, units and buildings as well as transmission by people (Raulo and Lyytikäinen, 2007). Several attempts have been made to quantify intra-herd spread of CSF.…”

Section: Infection In Herdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control and eradication of Classic Swine Fever in wild boar

2009

EFSA Journal

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SummaryClassical swine fever (CSF) is a disease that has been causing major socio-economic damages in the EU during the last decades. Although considerable progress has been made in the eradication and prevention of the disease, the threat for an epidemic still exists.The virus is endemic in the wild boar population of several member states (MS). Wild boar cannot be managed as domestic pigs. Hunting and vaccination have been tentatively used in order to stop transmission by reducing the number of susceptibles. Oral vaccination of wild boar with modified live vaccine based on the C-strain (the only suitable) is used; this vaccine does not allow serological differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals.The aim of the control measures for CSF in wild boar is to reduce the risk of transmission to domestic pigs, to prevent an "endemic phase evolution" or to reduce the endemic phase duration.In order to support and to improve the control and eradication measures as regards CSF in wild boar, EFSA was requested by the Commission to provide scientific advice on the efficacy of the available surveillance, hunting and vaccination measures to control and eradicate CSF in feral pig populations (wild boar), considering the possible use of new diagnostic tests and vaccines.In order to reply to the mandate data were collected from MS through two questionnaires (CSF vaccines, hunting practices and CSF vaccination in wild boar). Data were also extracted from the EU CSF wild boar data base, after requesting permission from the participating MS.Considering that the data received were rather limited and not comparable, the WG decided to use a model in order to fill the gaps in the available knowledge. For the evaluation of the efficacy of CSF control in wild boar a continuous metapopulation compartmental model developed in an EU research project (FP6-5015599-CSFVACCINE&WILDBOAR) was applied.Although the disease manifests in the same manner in both domestic pig and wild boar it is more difficult to identify in wild boar because clinical monitoring of these is hardly possible. Wild boar found dead constitutes the main alert sign of CSF. Hunters and gamekeepers should be instructed to report the finding of each dead wild boar to the competent authority at all times. In case of high-risk situations, a passive surveillance should be complemented by an active serological surveillance. The active sampling of wild boar is not as efficient as in domestic pigs considering that hunting is the sole practical system to obtain samples and that the aim of hunting is quite different.Consequently, the sample size is not controlled by authorities and fits rarely the aim of the survey in terms of detecting the presence of disease at a certain level. In addition, the interpretation of serological results is confounded by maternal derived antibodies (until the 6th month of age), vaccination and the sampling quality.There is no definition at EU level of spatial and temporal units for surveillance, neither for criteria defining a disease free wi...

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Simulated detection of syndromic classical swine fever on a Finnish pig-breeding farm

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Economic Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Surveillance in the Netherlands

Economic Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Surveillance in the Netherlands

BVD-2 outbreak leads to high losses in cattle farms in Western Germany

Control and eradication of Classic Swine Fever in wild boar

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