Simulating blood accumulation with improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics in surgical simulation system

Abstract

BackgroundBlood accumulation often occurs during bleeding in surgery. Simulating the blood accumulation in surgical simulation system not only enhances the realism and immersion of surgical training, but also helps researchers better understand the physical properties of blood flow.MethodsTo realistically simulate the blood accumulation during the bleeding, this paper proposes a novel kernel function with non‐negative second derivatives to improve the SPH method. Meanwhile, a simple form of boundary force equation is constructed to impose the solid boundary condition.ResultsWe simulate the blood accumulation during liver bleeding and vessel bleeding respectively in the surgical simulation system. The simulation results show that there is no occurrence of blood physically penetrating the boundary.ConclusionsApplying the solid boundary condition to the blood by using the method proposed in this paper is not only convenient but can also eliminate compression instability in the blood accumulation simulation.