“…Models may be the most effective tools for comprehending changes in land use and land cover as well as for careful planning to improve the management of cities and towns [ 32 , 38 ]. Rapid developments in modeling have made it possible to simulate and plan unique land use and land cover changes [ 14 , 39 , 40 ]. To model, predict and simulate urban growth and LULC changes, many scholars have employed various empirical and theoretical modeling techniques [ [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] ].…”