Simulation-Based Evaluation of Mechanical Ventilators

Chatburn, Robert L

doi:10.4187/respcare.06267

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Anaesthe tic ventilators are described according to the way that the gas flow is delivered to the patient and are, therefore, categorized in pressure-controlled and volume-controlled ventilators. In pressure-controlled ventilators, flow is supplied at a preset maximum pressure which will not be exceeded, but the tidal volume delivered may vary, while in volume-controlled ventilators, the preset tidal volume will be delivered and the pressure necessary to deliver this volume may vary (Ward 1975, Sykes et al 1976, Mushin et al 1980, Chatburn 1992, Dorsch and Dorsch 2008, Stefanopoulou 2009. Moreover, another characteristic of ventilators is cycling.…”

Section: Common Types Of Ventilatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main characteristic of these ventilators is that the delivered flow is constant during the inspiration and the inspiration is terminated when a pre-defined pressure is achieved (Chatburn 1992, Chatburn 2010. Any resistance in the system does not affect the deli vered volume (Sykes et al 1976, Battaglia andShawver 2007).…”

Section: Volume-controlled Ventilators With Pressure Cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These ventilators are characterized by the constant delivered flow during inspiration, which terminates when the pre-determined tidal volume is reached (Sykes et al 1976, Chatburn 1992, Chatburn 2010. Moreover, the anaesthetist sets the tidal and minute volumes and the ventilator drives them independent of animal's effort.…”

Section: Volume-controlled Ventilators With Time Cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mechanical ventilation. Part II: Basic principles and function of ventilators.

Pavlidou

Savvas

Anagnostou

2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mechanical ventilation is the process of supporting respiration by manual or mechanical means. When normal breathing is inefficient or has stopped, mechanical ventilation is life-saving and should be applied at once. The ventilator increases the patient's ventilation by inflating the lungs with oxygen or a mixture of air and oxygen. Ventilators play an important role in the anaesthetic management of patients, as well as in the treatment of patients in the ICU. However, there are differences between the anaesthetic ventilators and the ventilators in ICU. The main indication for mechanical ventilation is difficulty in ventilation and/or oxygenation of the patient because of any respiratory or other disease. The aims of mechanical ventilation are to supply adequate oxygen to patients with a limited vital capacity, to treat ventilatory failure, to reduce dyspnoea and to facilitate rest of fatigued breathing muscles. Depression of the central nervous system function is a pre-requirement for mechanical ventilation. Some times, opioids or muscle relaxants can be used in order to depress patient's breathing. Mechanical ventilation can be applied using many different modes: assisted ventilation, controlled ventilation, continuous positive pressure ventilation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation and jet ventilation. Furthermore, there are different types of automatic ventilators built to provide positive pressure ventilation in anaesthetized or heavily sedated or comatose patients: manual ventilators (Ambu-bag), volumecontrolled ventilators with pressure cycling, volume-controlled ventilators with time cycling and pressure-controlled ventilators. In veterinary practice, the ventilator should be portable, compact and easy to operate. The controls on most anaesthetic ventilators include settings for tidal volume, inspiratory time, inspiratory pressure, respiratory rate and inspiration: expiration (I:E) ratio. The initial settings should be between 10-20 ml/kg for tidal volume, 12-30 cmH2 0 for the inspiratory pressure and 8-15 breaths/min for the respiratory rate. Mechanical ventilation is a very important part of treatment in the ICU, but many problems may arise during application of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. All connections should be checked in advance and periodically for mechanical problems like leaks. Moreover, complications like lung injury, pneumonia, pneumothorax, myopathy and respiratory failure can occur during the course of mechanical ventilation causing difficulty in weaning.

show abstract

Section: Common Types Of Ventilatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Volume-controlled Ventilators With Pressure Cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Volume-controlled Ventilators With Time Cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanical ventilation. Part II: Basic principles and function of ventilators.

Pavlidou

Savvas

Anagnostou

2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Αντίστροφα, κατά τη διάρκεια της εκπνοής και καθώς οι αναπνευστικοί μύες χαλαρώνουν, ο πνευ μονικός όγκος και επομένως ο όγκος των κυψελίδων αρχίζει να μειώνεται και φτάνει στο πριν την εισπνοή μέγεθος του. Αυτή η μείωση του όγκου προκαλεί αύξη ση της κυψελιδικής πίεσης (η οποία στο τέλος της εισπνοής ήταν 0 cmH 2 0) δημιουργώντας πάλι διαφορά πίεσης μεταξύ κυψελίδων και ατμόσφαιρας, με απο τέλεσμα την έξοδο αέρα, πλούσιου σε διοξείδιο του νοντας την ενδοκυψελιδική πίεση κατά ΔΡ, ο όγκος της κυψελίδας αυξηθεί κατά AV, τότε η ενδοτικότητα ισούται με C=AV/AP (Chatburn 1992). Έτσι, καθώς μειώνεται η ενδοτικότητα ή αυξάνεται η ελαστικότητα, αυξάνεται και η δυσκολία με την οποία επιτυγχάνεται ο αερισμός και επομένως η ενέργεια που καταναλώ νεται από τους μυς κατά τη διάρκεια της εισπνοής.…”

Section: ροή αέρα και πιέσειςunclassified

Mechanical ventilation. Part I: Physiology and pathophysiology

Nikolaou

Savvas

Papastefanou

2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Despite the fact that mechanical ventilation is an integral part of anaesthesia practice, its widespread use in veterinary medicine has yet to be established. The increasing needs and advances in animal pain management, being associated with anaesthetic protocols that can cause hypoventilation, make the use of mechanical ventilation more necessary than ever. Although mechanically ventilating the patient is not pivotal in a substantial number of surgical techniques, inability to do so precludes certain anaesthetic protocols from being used, making the choice of the drugs to be employed troubleshooting. Successful mechanical ventilation requires a thorough understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of respiration, as well as the way mechanical ventilation affects them. Before any attempt to describe mechanical ventilation, a glossary of technical terms has to be accepted, as long as consensus between the authors has not been found in the literature. Lung elasticity, resistance to flow, inspiration time and the ratio of inspiration to expiration time interact during mechanical ventilation affecting the final result on the patient. Volutrauma, barotrauma, ventilation-perfusion mismatch and cardiac output decrease are some of the adverse effects of mechanical ventilation. The choice of whether or not to use automatic ventilators, the choice of the right equipment and setting the variables correctly on the control panel need a thorough understanding of patient pathology. This article reviews respiration under normal and pathologic conditions and the effects mechanical ventilation exerts on different organ systems. Guidelines for the application of mechanical ventilation under various pathologic conditions are provided.

show abstract

“…To address this issue, the UK Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has recently published guidelines on the specifications for ventilators to be used in hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak [14]. An extensive review of the expected parameters, performance and mode of operation of mechanical ventilators is thoroughly provided in [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The values of the lung compliance of patients affected with COVID 19 were recently investigated in [22], resulting in an average respiratory system compliance of 50.2 ± 14.3 ml/cmH2O, associated with a shunt fraction of 0.50 ± 0.11 [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulink Modelling For Simulating Intensive Care Mechanical Ventilators

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper proposes a modelling approach for simulating mechanical ventilators for intensive care units (ICUs). The shortage of ventilators during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has focused attention on their design and performance. The proposed modelling approach consists in using the Mathworks® Simulink software tool and the SimScape Fluids (gas) library, so as to use well-established subroutines to simulate all the pneumatic components of typical ventilators for ICUs, such as the pressure reducing valves, pressure relief valves, check valves, tanks, ON\OFF and proportional directional valves, etc. The patient is simulated by setting the values of lung compliance and pressure losses occurring in the trachea. The proposed modelling approach is used in this paper to simulate a pneumatic scheme employed in some commercial ventilators. The model allows a very accurate prediction of fundamental parameters, such as the inspiratory flow rate, the inspiratory pressure, the end-expiratory pressure. Since the software interface is user-friendly, it can easily be used by manufacturers to correctly choose the geometrical and operating parameters of the components during the design stage or to assess different scenarios.

show abstract

Simulation-Based Evaluation of Mechanical Ventilators

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Mechanical ventilation. Part II: Basic principles and function of ventilators.

Mechanical ventilation. Part II: Basic principles and function of ventilators.

Mechanical ventilation. Part I: Physiology and pathophysiology

Simulink Modelling For Simulating Intensive Care Mechanical Ventilators

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About