Simulation of generation–collection experiments with homogeneous kinetics: application to electrochemical investigation of superoxide radical anion generation by osteoclasts on bone

Abstract

We report simulations of electrochemical generation-collection experiments in which the generator is a small disc producing a specified time-dependent flux of the analyte and the collector is a large planar electrode which collects the analyte at the mass transport-controlled rate. This geometry corresponds to many experiments in bioelectrochemistry where a relatively large sensor is used to detect the products of a cell's metabolism at low concentration. In particular, our simulations are motivated by attempts to understand our results on the detection of the superoxide radical anion burst generated by osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) in response to various stimuli. Superoxide is present at low levels and disproportionates in aqueous media; however, the homogeneous kinetics are included in our simulations and the results show that it is possible to estimate the magnitude of the flux of superoxide produced by the cells and to accurately determine the time-dependence of the flux in response to stimuli such as injection of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D(3) and pertussis toxin. In all these cases, the superoxide anion flux was successfully modeled as uniform across the cell surface with time-dependence of the form j(0)e(-k(d)t) + j(∞). j(∞) is the sustained flux of superoxide and the first-order rate constant k(d) and the magnitude j(0) describe the transient component of the flux. The simulations indicate that for cell-electrode gaps D approximately < √(D/k(d)), where D is the diffusion coefficient, the value of k(d) can be accurately extracted from the time-dependence of the collector current without detailed knowledge of parameters which are hard to measure during the experiment, e.g., the cell radius a and cell-electrode separation d. In the case of parathyroid hormone, the first-order rate constant describing the decay of the transient component was k(d) = 1.8 ± 0.8 × 10(-1) s(-1), but much slower decays were observed in response to pertussis toxin (k(d) = 1.5 ± 0.5 × 10(-2) s(-1)) and vitamin D(3) (k(d) = 1.1 ± 0.5 × 10(-3) s(-1)).

Electron detachment dynamics of O2−(H2O): direct ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) approach

“…The superoxide anion (O 2 À ) is one of the reactive oxygen species and plays an important role in biochemistry, [1][2][3][4] in pharmacy, [5][6][7] and in catalysis science. [8][9][10] The O 2 À anion acts as a trigger in cancer generation because the triplet and singlet state oxygen molecules (expressed by O 2 ( 1 S) and O 2 ( 1 D)) are generated by the electron detachment.…”

Electrogeneration of O2.− and H2O2 Using Polymer‐modified Microelectrodes in the Environment of Living Cells

“…O 2 .− or short lived species can diffuse from its source in the distance between 45 nm to 1 mm depending of the biological environment when the detection is performed . The electrochemical detection of O 2 .− using a biosensor based on cyt c has been widely reported . The local detection is illustrated in Scheme .…”

Bioanalytical chemistry with scanning electrochemical microscopy

“…The TG/SC mode is convenient for measuring partial currents when two or more electrochemical reactions occur simultaneously at the probe. It is also used as a dominant method in Generation/Collection mode as it is suitable for quantifying kinetic rate constants of particular reactions 15–18 . Contrary to TG/SC, the substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) shown in Figure 2e initiates a reaction (O + ne − → R) on the substrate first, and the reverse reaction (R − ne − → O) occurs at the tip.…”