Simultaneous Determination of 16 Phthalate Esters in Suet Oil by GC–EIMS Coupled with Refrigerant Centrifugation and Ethylenediamine-N-propylsilane Depuration

Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

“…Table 2 summarizes the extraction techniques adopted in the last three years to analyze PAEs in environmental and food matrices. It is possible to observe that the most common extraction techniques used to extract phthalates from environmental and food samples are LLE [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 104 , 106 , 109 , 110 , 112 ], SPME [ 60 , 69 , 81 , 82 , 92 , 93 , 115 ], QuEChERS-dSPE [ 79 , 88 , 102 ], SPE [ 68 , 75 ], and soxhlet [ 100 , 101 , 114 ].…”

“…The isotopically-labeled phthalates as IS [ 90 , 100 , 127 ], such as d4-DBP, d4-DEHP, and d4-DnOP, are the most suitable to correct errors caused by matrix effects and to correct probable dissimilarities occurring in the analyses, even though non-deuterated compounds like as 2,6-di-ter-butyl-4-methyl phenol (BHT) [ 91 ], bromopropylate [ 78 ] and anthracene [ 61 ] have also been used with good results. Regarding ionization techniques, electron ionization (EI) is the most suitable for the determination of PAEs by GC-MS, being reproducible and not suffering from ion suppression effects [ 60 , 61 , 69 , 91 , 100 , 103 , 112 ]. Furthermore, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) [ 71 , 79 , 80 , 90 , 99 , 102 , 127 ] and flash evaporation GC-FID [ 81 ] have also been explored as an alternative to determine PAEs in a diversity of samples with excellent results.…”

“…The tandem MS spectrometry compared to MS demonstrated more sensitivity, mass accuracy, and resolution. Concerning to the analyzer, single quadrupole [ 60 , 69 , 91 , 100 , 112 ], ion trap [ 61 , 78 ] and triple quadrupole (QqQ) [ 79 , 102 , 127 ] using full scan [ 60 , 61 , 69 , 103 ], single ion monitoring (SIM) [ 90 , 91 , 100 , 112 ] and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) [ 79 , 102 , 127 ] are the most commonly used. The recovery, accuracy, LODs, and LOQs could change based on the extraction technique applied and analytical approaches ( Table 2 ).…”