Simultaneous Determination of 78 Compounds of Rhodiola rosea Extract by Supercritical CO2-Extraction and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Spectrometry

Abstract

The plant Rhodiola rosea L. of family Crassulaceae was extracted using the supercritical CO2-extraction method. Several experimental conditions were investigated in the pressure range of 200–500 bar, with the used volume of cosolvent ethanol in the amount of 1% in the liquid phase at a temperature in the range of 31–70°C. The most effective extraction conditions are pressure 350 bar and temperature 60°C. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC with MS/MS identification. 78 target analytes were isolated from Rhodiola rosea (Russia) using a series of column chromatography and mass spectrometry experiments. The results of the analysis showed a spectrum of the main active ingredients Rh. rosea: salidroside, rhodiolosides (B and C), rhodiosin, luteolin, catechin, quercetin, quercitrin, herbacetin, sacranoside A, vimalin, and others. In addition to the reported metabolites, 29 metabolites were newly annotated in Rh. rosea. There were flavonols: dihydroquercetin, acacetin, mearnsetin, and taxifolin-O-pentoside; flavones: apigenin-O-hexoside derivative, tricetin trimethyl ether 7-O-hexosyl-hexoside, tricin 7-O-glucoronyl-O-hexoside, tricin O-pentoside, and tricin-O-dihexoside; flavanones: eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside; flavan-3-ols: gallocatechin, hydroxycinnamic acid caffeoylmalic acid, and di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; coumarins: esculetin; esculin: fraxin; and lignans: hinokinin, pinoresinol, L-ascorbic acid, glucaric acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid. The results of supercritical CO2-extraction from roots and rhizomes of Rh. rosea, in particular, indicate that the extract contained all biologically active components of the plant, as well as inert mixtures of extracted compositions.

Phytochemicals Determination, and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of Blackberry Fruits

“…Nevertheless, it is important to note that the terpenoid family may participate substantially in the bioactivity demonstrated by blackberry fruits and extracts. Regarding terpenoids, the iridoid ebuloside (rt = 4.023 min) was identified previously on Sambucus ebulus [ 40 ], cinnamoside (rt = 5.189) in Cinnamomum cassia [ 41 ], rhodioloside A (rt = 6.117 min) in Rhodiola rosea [ 42 ], scutalpine F (rt = 9.811) in Scutelaria alpina [ 43 ] and tropeoside B1 (rt = 11.338 min) in Allium cepa [ 44 ]. Gradillas et al identified for the first time in blackberry leaves a family of terpenoids derived from ursolic acid which we have identified in blackberry fruits and which are the most abundant family of compounds present, being 93.4% of the total terpene content and the 88.8% of the total bioactive compounds quantified in the extract.…”

Flavonoids from Sedum japonicum subsp. oryzifolium (Crassulaceae)

“…Mey [ 16 ]. Moreover, herbacetin 3- O -glucoside-8- O -xyloside was found in Rhodiola rosea L. [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. In Sedum species, herbacetin 3- O -glucoside-8- O -xyloside was found in S. takesimense Nakai [ 21 ].…”

Plant adaptive agents: Promising therapeutic molecules in the treatment of post-viral fatigue

“…Rhodiola rosea extract has been used as a dietary supplement to non-specifically enhance natural resistance to physical and behavioral stress, attenuating fatigue and depression [76] . Rhodiola rosea, whose roots are commonly used, contains phenylpropanoids (rosmarinic acid, rosin, and rosmarinic acid), phenolic compounds (rhodiol and p-tyrosol), flavonoids, and organic acids (gallic acid) [77] . Reports have demonstrated that it helps cope with various psychological and physical stresses by improving the body's ability to avoid injury and promoting adaptation to environmental stresses, including oxidative stress, anxiety, and physical exercise [78] (Table 3).…”