Simultaneous Determination of Four DNA bases at Graphene Oxide/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode

Abstract

In this study, we developed a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid nanocomposite in chitosan (GCE/GO-MWCNT-CHT) to achieve simultaneous detection of four nucleobases (i.e., guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T) and cytosine (C)) along with uric acid (UA) as an internal standard. The nanocomposite was characterized using TEM and FT-IR. The linearity ranges were up to 151.0, 78.0, 79.5, 227.5, and 162.5 µM with a detection limit of 0.15, 0.12, 0.44, 4.02, 4.0, and 3.30 µM for UA, G, A, T, and C, respectively. Compared to a bare GCE, the nanocomposite-modified GCE demonstrated a large enhancement (~36.6%) of the electrochemical active surface area. Through chronoamperometric studies, the diffusion coefficients (D), standard catalytic rate constant (Ks), and heterogenous rate constant (Kh) were calculated for the analytes. Moreover, the nanocomposite-modified electrode was used for simultaneous detection in human serum, human saliva, and artificial saliva samples with recovery values ranging from 95% to 105%.

Voltammetric Measurement of Antioxidant Activity by Prevention of Cu(II)-Induced Oxidative Damage on DNA Bases Using a Modified Electrode

“…Here, the G peak was seen at a low voltage, indicating electrocatalysis with CNTs . These determined potential values were in agreement with the values found by Wang et al with the modified GCE (i.e., 0.65, 0.93, and 1.27 V), justifying the continuation of further measurements with the GCE/AuNP/MWCNT-Nafion electrode.…”

“…Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a complex biomacromolecule that controls vital hereditary properties of living organisms. Genes are essential DNA segments secondarily associated with protein coding, which serve as pivotal structures for the cellular system. − The two strands of the DNA molecule, on which simpler units known as nucleotides are located, constitute a double helix. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogenous cyclic nucleobase: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T) attached to a backbone of monosaccharide sugar and phosphate organized in a framework .…”

Effect of Graphene Family Materials on Multiple Myeloma and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Cell Lines

“…All of these graphene-related materials have a characteristic honeycomb network of carbon atoms with delocalized π electrons and varied amounts of oxygen-containing groups, leading to a large active surface and easy functionalization. They have potential in various areas, such as nanoelectronics [ 3 ], composites, photovoltaics [ 4 , 5 ], and the biomedical field, including tissue engineering, biosensors [ 6 , 7 ], antibacterial [ 8 , 9 ] and antiviral [ 10 ] agents, functional dressings [ 11 , 12 ], cancer diagnostic tools [ 13 ], treatments [ 14 ], and drug delivery systems [ 15 ].…”

Ultralight 3D Graphene Oxide Aerogel Decorated with Pd–Fe Nanoparticles for the Simultaneous Detection of Eight Biomolecules

“…In recent years, electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous detection of various biomolecules have been proven to be a powerful tool due to high sensitivity, selectivity, fast response, low cost, simple operation, and the ability to be miniaturized into portable devices for everyday use. − Using electrochemical sensors to detect compounds such as purines, pyrimidines, neurotransmitters, or other organic metabolites simultaneously in biological fluids is beneficial because it can provide critical information in one measurement related to several pathological diseases . For example, dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter that regulates memory, movements, brain–body integration, and several nerve signals to the brain domains.…”

“…At carbon electrodes, G and A are oxidized at lower positive potentials, whereas C and T are oxidized at high positive potentials . The abnormal concentration fluctuations of these bases can be indicative of DNA damage, various cancers, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS infection, and Parkinson’s disease. ,− Another compound closely related to the DNA bases is 8-hydroxyguanine (8HG) as it is produced as a result of the oxidation of G. , 8HG has been previously reported as a biomarker for oxidative stress and predominant forms of oxidative DNA damage. The sensitive detection of 8HG can be very valuable as it can provide a noninvasive approach to evaluate the extent of DNA oxidative damage. − Simultaneous detection can be quite difficult since all of these biomolecules frequently coexist in biological samples and have very similar chemical structures with close oxidation potential.…”