Simultaneous determination of trace levels of multiclass fungicides in natural waters by solid - phase microextraction - gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Fabric phase sorptive extraction for the determination of 17 multiclass fungicides in environmental water by gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

“…As can be seen, LOQs were between 1 and 9 ng/L for most compounds, excluding fenhexamid, iprodione, and folpet which showed LOQs of 100, 115, and 165 ng/L, respectively. Table 4 shows a comparison between the developed FPSE-GC-MS/MS methodology and other reported methodologies based on microextraction techniques for the determination of fungicides in water, such as SPME, SBSE, µSPE, BAµE, or HF-LPME [11,[13][14][15][16][17]. As can be seen, the proposed FPSE-GC-MS/MS methodology provides LODs similar or lower than other microextraction techniques.…”

“…In last years, the new trends regarding sample preparation for the determination of fungicides in waters are aimed to move toward the "Green Chemistry Principles," and several microextraction techniques with a minimum or nonorganic solvent consumption have been proposed for their extraction from water. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), micro-solid-phase extraction (µSPE), bar-adsoptive microextraction (BAµE), or hollow fiber-liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] have been successfully employed.…”

“…Due to this permeable fabric substrate and sponge-like porous architecture of sol-gel sorbent coating, the FPSE membrane has 400 times higher sorbent loading onto the substrate compared to SPME fiber and high surface area to facilitate the highly efficient analyte adsorption via sorbent-analyte interaction [19][20][21]. The strong, chemically bonded coating provides high chemical and solvent stability, being suitable for direct exposure to sample solution in a broad pH range (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), and for the direct desorption with any organic solvent or mixtures to maximize the quantitative recovery of the extracted analytes. Moreover, the different FPSE sol-gel coating formulations can be easily adjusted to the type of substrate (i.e., cellulose/polyester/fiber glass) in order to maximize the selectivity of the FPSE membrane based on the physicochemical properties of the target analytes.…”

“…However, GC-MS/MS is a very suitable option after FPSE for the determination of nonpolar or low polar fungicides such as most of the found in the aquatic media. Besides, the use of triple quadrupole (TQ) working under (MS/MS) mode provides the selectivity and sensitivity required for the detection of trace levels in environmental water samples [11].…”

Preparation of metal‐organic framework UiO‐66‐incorporated polymer monolith for the extraction of trace levels of fungicides in environmental water and soil samples

“…A preconcentration step prior to chromatographic analysis is usually needed to decrease the matrix effect and enrich the analytes. Traditional fungicide extraction methods were performed by complicated and solvent‐consuming procedures such as liquid‐phase extraction and SPE, which have been replaced by more environment‐friendly microextraction methods including solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), magnetic solid‐phase extraction, and liquid‐liquid microextraction.…”