Simultaneous Expression of Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties and Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Like Properties in a Primary Culture of Breast Cancer Cells

Ishikawa, Mami; Inoue, Takahiro; Shirai, Takuma; Takamatsu, Kazuhiko; Kunihiro, Shiori; Ishii, Hirokazu; Nishikata, Takahito

doi:10.3390/cancers6031570

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Ishikawa et al. found that many enzymes involved in glycolysis, such as GAPDH, LDH, PGAM1, and PKM2, were highly overexpressed in breast cancer cells. A reduction in the nutrient supply can lead to cell death by ATP depletion, if cell proliferation is not limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RETRACTED: Elevated GAPDH expression is associated with the proliferation and invasion of lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

et al. 2015

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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is one of the most investigated housekeeping genes and widely used as an internal control in analysis of gene expression levels. The present study was designed to assess whether GAPDH is associated with cancer cell growth and progression and, therefore may not be a good internal control in cancer research. Our results from clinical tissue studies showed that the levels of GAPDH protein were significantly up-regulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues, compared with the adjacent normal lung tissues, and this was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. GAPDH knockdown by siRNA resulted in significant reductions in proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung squamous carcinoma cells in vitro. In a nude mouse cancer xenograft model, GAPDH knockdown significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and migration/invasion in vivo. In summary, GAPDH may not be an appropriate internal control for gene expression studies, especially in cancer research. The role of GAPDH in cancer development and progression should be further examined in pre-clinical and clinical studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And it has been demonstrated that cell proliferation is a process that consumes large amounts of energy [25], then up-regulated GAPDH can participate in processing more energy. Ishikawa et al [26] found that many enzymes Figure 8. Knockdown of GAPDH reduced tumorigenicity of NCI-H520 cells in vivo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Elevated GAPDH expression is associated with the proliferation and invasion of lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

et al. 2015

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“…It is presently unclear whether MSC-cancer cell communication occurs before or as a consequence of tumor stroma activation or if both occur simultaneously as a result of hypoxia. Nonetheless, one of the first steps in metastasis influenced by these soluble factors secreted from tumor stroma involves a change in the cancer cells from an epithelial phenotype to a mesenchymal phenotype, a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which confers the ability to invade and metastasize, and promotes stem cell-like properties [23].…”

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confidence: 99%

Involvement of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cancer Progression and Metastases

Chang¹,

Schwertschkow²,

Nolta³

et al. 2015

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Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are known to be the helpers for the healing of tissue damage, often referred to as ambulatory cells. However, MSCs are also recruited by cancer cells to similarly aid in tumor growth and progression. In this review, some of the key steps in cancer progression and metastases are described including the various steps in which MSCs participate and may play important roles. MSCs aid in cancer cells' ability to evade immune attack, while promoting tumor angiogenesis, even being counter-acting against chemotherapeutics and other drugs used to fight various cancers. Furthermore, MSCs participate in many of the crucial steps in invasion and metastasis, including stimulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induction of stem-like properties that allow cancer stem cells to increase their survivability through the circulation. These steps are described in detail. Differences between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are discussed, along with descriptions of the formation of a pre-metastatic niche, the role of exosomes from both cancer cells and MSCs in metastasis and tumor reseeding (self-seeding). More and more, MSCs are being proposed as a promising tumor targeting drug-delivery tool. In order to fulfill this promise, further understanding of the precise roles that MSCs play in the process of cancer metastases must be achieved, in attempting to create remedies that will improve the outcome of available therapeutics.

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“…Foregoing investigations have revealed PGAM1 overexpression in several cancers such as clear cell renal carcinoma (CCRC), glioma, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), breast cancer, human nonsmall lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and urothelial bladder cancer ( Table and Figure ).…”

Section: Overexpression Of Pgam1 In Various Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 Thus, PGAM1 has potential ability to derive the metastasis in a metabolic independent way. 31 breast cancer, 32 human nonsmall lung cancer, 33 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 34 prostate cancer, 35 colorectal cancer, 36 hepatocellular carcinoma, 14 and urothelial bladder cancer 37 ( Table 2 and Figure 3). In the hypoxia tumor microenvironment, cancer cells are oxygen independent for energy production.…”

Section: Nonmetabolic Functions Of Pgam1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 in cancer: A promising target for diagnosis and therapy

et al. 2019

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Altered enzymatic machineries are a substantial biochemical characteristic of tumor cell metabolism that switch metabolic profile from oxidative phosphorylation to amplified glycolysis as well as increased lactate production under hypoxia conditions. Reprogrammed metabolic profile is an emerging hallmark of cancer. Overexpression of several glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters has been reported in 24 different types of cancers that represent approximately 70% of all the cancer cases around the globe. Thus, targeting glycolytic enzymes could serve as tempting avenue for drug design against cancer. Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) is an important glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3‐phosphoglycerate to 2‐phosphoglycerate. Recent investigations have revealed the overexpression of PGAM1 in several human cancers that is linked with tumor growth, survival, and invasion. The aim of this review is to update scientific research network with cancer‐specific role of PGAM1 to elucidate its capability as bonafide therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Moreover, we have also summarized the reported genetic and pharmacological inhibitors of PGAM1. This study suggests that further investigations on PGAM1 should focus on the exploration of molecular mechanisms of PGAM1 overexpression in development of cancer, assessment of biosafety profiles of known inhibitors of PGAM1, and utilization of PGAM1 inhibitors in combinatorial therapies. These future studies will surely support the unbiased strategies for the development of novel PGAM1 inhibitors for cancer therapies.

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Simultaneous Expression of Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties and Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Like Properties in a Primary Culture of Breast Cancer Cells

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

RETRACTED: Elevated GAPDH expression is associated with the proliferation and invasion of lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

RETRACTED: Elevated GAPDH expression is associated with the proliferation and invasion of lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

Involvement of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cancer Progression and Metastases

Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 in cancer: A promising target for diagnosis and therapy

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