Simultaneous Bacillus anthracis Spores Detection via Aminated-Poly(vinyl chloride) Coated Piezoelectric Crystal Immunosensor

Abstract

Bacillus anthracis spores are a potential threat to countries in the context of biodefense. We have already seen the destructiveness of the anthrax attacks in the recent past. This study presents an aminated-poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-NH 2 ) coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor for simultaneous rapid detection of B. anthracis spores. PVC-NH 2 , synthesized in the laboratory, was used as an adhesive layer for monoclonal antibody immobilization on gold quartz crystal. The prepared QCM sensor was tested using a pathogen field strain of B. anthracis (GenBank number: GQ375871.1) under static addition and flow through procedures with different spore concentrations. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to characterize the surface of the sensor during the modification. Furthermore, a series of SEM micrographs were taken in order to investigate surface morphology and show the presence of the B. anthracis spores on the surface. It is concluded that B. anthracis spores can be accomplished by using amine functionalized polymer coated QCM sensors without requiring complicated immobilization procedures or expensive preliminary preparations.

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are suitable for real-time dosimetry in nanotoxicological studies using VITROCELL®Cloud cell exposure systems

“…Thus, it utilizes the principle of a "tuning fork" as the eigenfrequency (frequency of sound) of a tuning fork decreases (lowers) with increasing mass of the tuning fork. Since its first description by Raleigh (1885), the QCM has found numerous applications in modern science and technology including gas phase detector, immunosensor and DNA biosensor [45][46][47][48][49][50]. Due to its high sensitivity the QCM can be also used in nanotoxicological studies, in which the applied nanoparticle mass dose is often very low, especially for highly toxic materials.…”

Self-Plasticization of PVC Materials via Chemical Modification of Mannich Base of Cardanol Butyl Ether

“…The displacement of chlorine with tetraethylenepentamine and 2-aminoethanol was used to prepare catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation and Heck reactions, which were reported by Dong et al and Huang et al, , respectively. The aminated-PVC (PVC-NH 2 ) coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor was also used to detect Bacillus anthracis spores . The displacement of chlorine with aminated derivatives was usually used to modify PVC surfaces for preparing functional ultrafiltration membranes with improved antifouling properties, which was reported by Jiang et al − Covalent immobilization of trypsin and chymotrypsin onto aminated-PVC microspheres was also descried by Li et al However, the displacement of chlorine with amianted derivatives via single reaction for plasticizing PVC materials has never reported.…”

Internally plasticized PVC materials via covalent attachment of aminated tung oil methyl ester

“…The aminated-PVC (PVC-NH 2 ) coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor was also used to detect bacillus anthracis spores. 30 In addition, the displacement of chlorine with amidation derivatives was usually to modify PVC surfaces for preparing functional ultraltration membranes with improved antifouling properties. [31][32][33] Covalent immobilization of trypsin and chymotrypsin onto aminated-PVC microspheres was also descried by Li et al 34 However, the displacement of chlorine with aminated derivatives via single reaction for plasticizing PVC materials has never reported.…”