Simultaneous profiling and cultivation of the skin microbiome of healthy young adult skin for the development of therapeutic agents

Abstract

Background: Studies on the impact of the skin microbiota on human health have been gaining more attention. Bacteria are associated with various diseases, although certain strains of bacteria, which are known as probiotics, are considered beneficial. Mixtures of several bacteria (bacterial cocktail) isolated from targeted organs have shown promising modulatory activities for use in skin therapeutics. The objectives of this study were to determine and identify the microbial communities on the skin that can potentially be used as probiotics, as determined by bacterial isolation and cultivation, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results: Samples were collected by swabbing on forehead and cheek skin. Genomic DNA from bacterial swab samples were directly extracted to be further processed into NGS. Cultivation of skin bacteria was carried out in subsequent medium. Thus, around twenty bacterial isolates with different characteristics were selected and identified by both culture-based method and 16sRNA sequencing. We found that Actinobacteria and Firmicutes are the most abundant phylum present on the skin as presented by NGS data, which constitute to 67% and 28.59% of the whole bacterial population, consecutively. However, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus warneri, and Micrococcus luteus (AN MK968325.1; AN MK968315.1; and MK968318.1 respectively) were able to be obtained in the samples of cultivable, and could be potentially developed as probiotics in skin microbiome therapeutic as well as for postbiotic formulation. Conclusion: Skin microbiome is considered to provide several probiotics for skin therapeutic. However, some opportunistic pathogens were discovered in this study population. Thus, the promising formula of bacterial cocktail for skin microbiome therapeutic must be thoroughly elucidated to avoid unwanted species. Our study is the first human skin microbiome profile of Indonesia resulted from a Next Generation Sequencing as an effort to show a representative of tropical country profile.

Microbially competent 3D skin: a test system that reveals insight into host–microbe interactions and their potential toxicological impact

“…The selection of these organisms followed practical considerations and with the intended later application of studying potential microbiome-mediated substance toxification in mind. Both species are biologically relevant (Chiller et al 2001 ; Wang et al 2019 ), have an established potential for xenobiotic metabolism (Egea et al 2017 ; Hanafy et al 2016 ; Sowada et al 2014 ; Viggor et al 2020 ) and have been isolated repeatedly from healthy volunteers at different sites (Khayyira et al 2020 ; Sowada et al 2014 ; Steglinska et al 2019 ; Wang et al 2019 ). Amongst the skin’s Micrococcaceae M. luteus is the predominant species (Chiller et al 2001 ).…”

A Journey on the Skin Microbiome: Pitfalls and Opportunities

“…Indeed, the research that has applied culture-independent approaches and NGS technology has produced the main advancements in our knowledge of the composition and function of this microbial community. Therefore, we mainly focused on such recent literature [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

“…A final consideration is in regard to the fact that the development of probiotics is a daunting task involving several steps, which can be tentatively sketched as follows: (1) bacteria isolation and characterization, (2) NGS profiling, (3) phylogenetic characterization of bacterial taxa (i.e., subspecies or strains) to determine the spectrum of metabolic capabilities and predict LGT, (4) metabolic characterization (e.g., carbon sources, amino acids, sterols, and lipids, as well as products derived from cosmetics), (5) the presence of resistance genes, and (6) trials with a focus on safety and side effects [ 19 , 234 ].…”

Complete Genome Sequence of Micrococcus luteus Strain CW.Ay, Isolated from Indoor Air in a Hong Kong School

“… Micrococcus luteus (formerly Micrococcus lysodeikticus ) is a Gram-positive, nonmotile, obligate aerobe found in a remarkable range of habitats, including soil ( 1 , 2 ), seawater ( 3 , 4 ), freshwater ( 5 , 6 ), and surfaces such as clothing and human skin ( 7 , 8 ). It is also airborne in dust and bioaerosols and has been recovered from samples of indoor air ( 9 , 10 ) and urban air ( 11 ).…”