Simultaneous quantification of caffeine and its main metabolites by gas chromatography mass spectrometry in horse urine

Göktaş, Eylem Funda; Kabil, Erol; Yatanaslan, Levent; Güneş, Ertuğrul; Dirikolu, Levent

doi:10.1002/bmc.5445

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Fragmentation ions and associated NIST library matches also indicated the presence of caffeine. A comparison between sample ion-fragmentation patterns confirmed the presence of caffeine as the single compound within the sample [ 55 ]. Creatine, which does not dissolve in MeOH, was possibly isolated and hence was not identified with GC-MS [ 52 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handheld Raman Spectroscopy in the First UK Home Office Licensed Pharmacist-Led Community Drug Checking Service

Mullin

Scott

Vaccaro

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Across the world, the interest in point-of-care drug checking as a harm-reduction intervention is growing. This is an attempt to improve intelligence about current drug trends and reduce drug-related morbidity and mortality. In the UK, drug-related harm is increasing exponentially year after year. As such, specialist community treatment services are exploring new methods to improve engagement with people who use drugs (PWUD), who may require support for their problematic drug use. This need has driven the requirement to pilot an on-site, time-responsive, readily available drug-checking service at point-of-support centres. In this study, we piloted the UK’s first Home Office-licensed drug-checking service that was embedded into a community substance-misuse service and had all on-site analysis and harm-reduction interventions led and delivered by pharmacists. We report on the laboratory findings from the associated confirmatory analysis (UHPLC-MS, GC-MS, and 1H NMR) to assess the performance of the on-site hand-held Raman spectrometer and outline the challenges of providing real-time analysis of psychoactive substances in a clinical setting. Whilst acknowledging the limitation of the small sample size (n = 13), we demonstrate the potential suitability of using this technology for the purposes of screening substances in community-treatment services. Portability of equipment and timeliness of results are important and only very small samples may be provided by people who use the service. The challenges of accurately identifying substances from complex mixtures were equally found with both point-of-care Raman spectroscopy and laboratory confirmatory-analysis techniques. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handheld Raman Spectroscopy in the First UK Home Office Licensed Pharmacist-Led Community Drug Checking Service

Mullin

Scott

Vaccaro

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…43,48 Methyl-xanthines alkaloids are botanically secondary metabolites that are a momentous part of food and pharmacology. 49,50 In order to investigate the hydrophilic separation ability of the chitosan-functionalized methacrylate monolithic stationary phase, three alkaloids (caffeine (log P −0.07, pK a 10.4), theobromine (log P −0.78, pK a 9.90), and theophylline (log P −0.02, pK a 8.81)) were separated on the synthesized monolithic column. As shown in Figure 5C, the fast baseline separation was achieved within 5 min under isocratic conditions (90% ACN and 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.8).…”

Section: Hilic Mode Retention Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan-Functionalized Methacrylate Monoliths for Mixed-Mode Hydrophilic/Electrostatic Interaction Capillary Liquid Chromatography

El-Nouby,

Anggraeni,

Kinoshita

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Chitosan stands as a sustainable, active, and eco-friendly biomass that meets eight aspects of green chemistry principles. The chitosan-based liquid chromatography stationary phase provides superior physiochemical properties including a cationic hydrophilic surface, porosity, and mechanical strength; however, it lacks solubility in an organic solvent. A low-cost one-pot in situ free radical polymerization strategy was used to fabricate chitosan-functionalized methacrylate monolithic columns (Ch-GMA-co-EDMA) with hydrophilic and electrostatic properties. The polymerization mixtures were systematically optimized using mixture design to study the effects of compositions on flow-through processes involving porosity and permeability. The chitosan-functionalized methacrylate monomer and monolithic columns were characterized by using ATR-FTIR, TGA, DGA, and SEM. The obtained columns provide high chromatographic performance and satisfactory selectivity for organic polar, neutral, and charged compounds such as phenols, nucleic bases, nucleosides, and anionic pesticides. The results revealed that the amino and hydroxyl moieties of the chitosan monoliths functioned for both hydrophilic as well as electrostatic trapping of polar compounds, additionally promoting hydrogen bonding interaction with the analytes.

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Analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control from 2018 to 2023

Gray,

Lubbock,

Love

et al. 2024

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The analytical approaches taken by laboratories to implement robust and efficient regulation of horseracing medication and doping control are complex and constantly evolving. Each laboratory's approach will be dictated by differences in regulatory, economic and scientific drivers specific to their local environment. However, in general, laboratories will all be undertaking developments and improvements to their screening strategies in order to meet new and emerging threats as well as provide improved service to their customers. In this paper, the published analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control since the 22nd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians will be reviewed. Due to the unprecedented impact of COVID‐19 on the worldwide economy, the normal 2‐year period of this review was extended to over 5 years. As such, there was considerable ground to cover, resulting in an increase in the number of relevant publications included from 107 to 307. Major trends in publications will be summarised and possible future directions highlighted. This will cover developments in the detection of ‘small’ and ‘large’ molecule drugs, sample preparation procedures and the use of alternative matrices, instrumental advances/applications, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the detection and prevalence of ‘endogenous' compounds and biomarker and OMICs approaches. Particular emphasis will be given to research into the potential threat of gene doping, which is a significant area of new and continued research for many laboratories. Furthermore, developments in analytical instrumentation relevant to equine medication and doping control will be discussed.

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Simultaneous quantification of caffeine and its main metabolites by gas chromatography mass spectrometry in horse urine

Cited by 4 publications

References 31 publications

Handheld Raman Spectroscopy in the First UK Home Office Licensed Pharmacist-Led Community Drug Checking Service

Handheld Raman Spectroscopy in the First UK Home Office Licensed Pharmacist-Led Community Drug Checking Service

Chitosan-Functionalized Methacrylate Monoliths for Mixed-Mode Hydrophilic/Electrostatic Interaction Capillary Liquid Chromatography

Analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control from 2018 to 2023

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