Simultaneous separation of eight β‐adrenergic drugs using titanium dioxide nanoparticles as additive in capillary electrophoresis

Abstract

The analysis is described for separating seven beta-adrenergic blocking agents (atenolol, celiprolol, clorprenaline, fenoterol, metoprolol, propranolol, terbutaline) and clenbuterol (sympathomimetic beta-2 receptor stimulating agonist, decongestant and bronchodilator, illicit anabolic used in athletics) by CE with UV detection. In order to simultaneously separate all analytes, Tris-H3PO4 solution was applied containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as BGEs. The effects of important factors, such as concentration of TiO2 NPs, optimum pH, run buffer concentration, and separation voltage, were investigated so as to achieve best CE separation. The eight analytes could be well separated applying a separation voltage of 15 kV in 75 mM Tris-H3PO4 buffer at a pH of 2.40, containing 6.0 x 10(-6) g/mL TiO2 NPs. Under these optimal conditions, the RSDs for peak areas and for migration times were less than 2.7 and 2.3%, respectively. The detection limits were 0.1 microg/mL for celiprolol, 0.1 microg/mL for propranolol, 0.2 microg/mL for fenoterol, 1.0 microg/mL for atenolol, 1.0 microg/mL for clenbuterol, 1.0 microg/mL for clorprenaline, 1.0 microg/mL for metoprolol, and 1.0 microg/mL for terbutaline. The proposed method was successfully applied for the rapid CE determination of the frequently applied antihypertensive beta-blocking compounds atenolol, metoprolol, terbutaline, and propranolol in pharmaceutical tablets.

Molecular Modeling Study of Chiral Separation and Recognition Mechanism of β-Adrenergic Antagonists by Capillary Electrophoresis

“…Analytical methods so far used for chiral separations of these β-adrenergic antagonists include thin layer chromatography [4,5], HPLC [6–8], capillary electrochromatography [9,10], and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [11–14]. CE especially has attracted the greater interest for chiral separations.…”

Hydrophobicity‐aided potentiometric detection of catecholamines, beta‐agonists, and beta‐blockers in a mixed‐solvent capillary electrophoresis system

“…As the beta-adrenergic and beta-adrenolytic drugs indicate close similarity of pK a , charge, and size of the molecules, difficulties still occur when determining them simultaneously by various CE procedures [1,26,33,35,36]. Thus, as suggested by earlier reports [26,27,37,38], a low concentration of acetonitrile in the BGE was used to cut the run time and improve the overall resolution of the basic drugs investigated here in the CE system.…”

“…However, the observed migration time of the two mentioned beta-blockers was slightly higher than reported by Maguregui et al [34] in CZE mode with comparable fusedsilica capillary size but employing a basic background electrolyte. The migration times of propranolol, clenbuterol, and celiprolol were cut by more than 50% in the proposed CE system in comparison with the CE procedure recently described by Zhou et al [36] using a 75 mM Tris-phosphate buffer at pH* 2.78 as the BGE and an uncoated fused-silica capillary of dimensions similar to those used here.…”

“…In addition, the low acidic background electrolyte significantly decreased the interactions of residual silanol groups on the walls of the fused-silica capillary with the fully protonated drugs [35,41]. The acidic running electrolyte solution with low pH (2.0 -3.5) was frequently applied in non-chiral [36, 42 -44] and enantioselective [38] separation of catecholamines, beta-blockers, and beta-agonists with CE systems employing uncoated [36,42,43], coated [44,45], C18 covalently bonded [46] fused-silica capillaries or using titanium dioxide nanoparticles as additive in BGE [36]. Symbols: tm -migration time (mean l SD; n = 5); Rs -resolution of two subsequent analytes; lact -apparent solute mobility; leff -effective solute mobility; D -diffusion coefficient; pKa -first acidic ionisation constant; log P -n-octanol -water partition coefficient; MW -molecular weight; HBA -number of hydrogen bond acceptors in analyte molecule.…”

Development of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of clorprenaline in pig urine

“…At present, there are liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) Xiong, Gao, Li, Yang, & Shimo, 2015), capillary electrophoresis Zhou et al, 2008) and ion chromatography (Shen, Ouyang, Baeyens, Delanghe, & Yang, 2005) assays to detect these residues. However, the instrumental analysis methods are time-consuming, costly and complicated, and cannot meet the requirement of fast onsite inspection (Peilong, Ximeng, Xiaoou, & Ruohua, 2015;.…”