Simultaneous two-way classical communication and measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with coherent states

Abstract

Simultaneous quantum and classical communication integrates both continuous variable quantum key distribution and classical coherent optical communication by using the same communication infrastructure. Given its compelling benefits, we proposed a protocol relying on both two-way classical communication and on measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution, in which the superposition modulation based coherent states depend on the information bits of both the secret key and on the classical communication ciphertext, which are measured by an untrusted relay node. The proposed scheme strikes a beneficial balance between its level of security and its grade of practicability. Explicitly, on the one hand, the secret key obtained is secure against all attacks on the detectors, and it is eminently suitable for bidirectional classical communication in the metropolitan network as a benefit of its relay-based configuration. Our results show a convincing bit error rate vs. secret key rate trade-off for transmission over dozens of kilometers in the quantum channel, hence striking an excellent integrity (bit error rate) vs. security trade-off.

The Evolution of Quantum Key Distribution Networks: On the Road to the Qinternet

“…Charlie then performs a Bell state measurement to project the incoming quantum signals into a Bell state, and publicly announces the measurement results to correlate the key information of Alice and Bob. Inspired by this idea, several discrete-variable MDI-QKD [113]- [115] and continuous-variable MDI-QKD [116]- [118] schemes have been invented. Remarkably, novel variants of MDI-QKD protocols, such as the TF-QKD [107] and PM-QKD [108] protocols, were shown to be capable of overcoming the rate-distance limit of conventional MDI-QKD.…”

Design and Implementation of Intelligent Gateway System for Monitoring Livestock and Poultry Feeding Environment Based on Bluetooth Low Energy

“…The Bluetooth gateway system can build a two-way communication channel between the collection terminal of the information perception layer and the server side of the information processing layer [17], and realize the transmission of multi-parameter feeding environment data from the collection terminal to the server side and the transmission of feedback information from the gateway to the terminal device. The Bluetooth gateway information transmission system function design is shown as in Figure 3.…”

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

“…The DV-QKD technique encodes the information onto the discrete degrees of freedom of a photon, such as polarization of single photons and it is suitable for long-distance communication, as represented by the BB84 [10], Ekert91 [17] and BBM92 protocols [18]. By contrast, CV-QKD [19]- [23] relies on the quadrature components of the optical field that constitute an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. More specifically, the quadrature components of either coherent states, squeezed states, or "non-classical" light beams [24] are modulated by the secret key bits and then measured by high-efficiency homodyne (or heterodyne) detectors, which are compatible with off-the-shelf telecommunication technologies [23].…”

“…By contrast, CV-QKD [19]- [23] relies on the quadrature components of the optical field that constitute an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. More specifically, the quadrature components of either coherent states, squeezed states, or "non-classical" light beams [24] are modulated by the secret key bits and then measured by high-efficiency homodyne (or heterodyne) detectors, which are compatible with off-the-shelf telecommunication technologies [23]. Hence, the latter offers a low-cost and highsecret-key-rate advantage over DV-QKD for transmission over short distances.…”