Simultaneous vs. Separate Bilateral Muscular Contractions in Relation to Neural Overflow Theory and Neuromoter Specificity

Henry, Franklin M.; Smith, Leon E.

doi:10.1080/10671188.1961.10762069

Cited by 46 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Because all subjects displayed right leg dominance (determined by leg preference for ball kicking), no difference in inhibition existed between the dominant and nondominant legs. This is in line with the work of Owings and Grabiner (33), who investigated the BLD in relation to the lower limbs but in contrast to most studies that focused on the upper limbs (15,(27)(28)(29)(30). Generally, there has been a greater reduction in force on the dominant side when maximal bilateral contractions were performed with the upper limbs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 34%

Expression of the bilateral deficit during reflexively evoked contractions

Khodiguian

Cornwell

Lares

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physiology

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During maximal contractions, the sum of forces exerted by homonymous muscles unilaterally is typically larger than the sum of forces exerted by the same muscles bilaterally. This phenomenon is known as the bilateral deficit (BLD), and it is suggested that this deficit is due to neural inhibition. It remains unclear, however, whether such inhibition is mediated by supraspinal mechanisms or by reflex pathways at the level of spinal cord. To further study the origin of likely neural influences, we tested for the presence of BLD under the condition of reflexive force generation. Force output and integrated electromyogram (iEMG) (quadriceps femoris) were measured in 17 male participants after initiation of the myotatic patellar reflex under unilateral and bilateral conditions. A significant BLD of 9.26 ± 1.19 ( P = 0.004) and 16.76 ± 4.69% ( P = 0.001) was found for force and iEMG, respectively. However, because similar findings were not evident during maximal isometric knee extensions, it is difficult to predict the contribution of a spinal mechanism to the BLD under the condition of maximal voluntary activation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 34%

Expression of the bilateral deficit during reflexively evoked contractions

Khodiguian

Cornwell

Lares

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…A BLD exists for both large and small muscle groups in a variety of movement patterns, in both males and females as in athletic and non-athletic individuals and also in subjects with motor disorders (Archontides and Fazey 1993;Henry and Smith 1961;Howard and Enoka 1991;Jakobi and Cafarelli 1998;Jakobi and Chilibeck 2001;Ohtsuki 1983Ohtsuki , 1994. Also, BLD is reported in older adults (Ha¨kkinen et al 1995;Owings and Grabiner 1998;Hernandez et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Bilateral isokinetic training reduces the bilateral leg strength deficit for both old and young adults

et al. 2005

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The bilateral limb deficit (BLD) describes the difference in maximal or near-maximal force generating capacity of muscles when they are contracted alone and in combination with the contralateral muscles. This study examined the effects of a 6-week (three times per week) bilateral leg strength training programme on BLD in younger and older adults. Data were collected from 33 subjects during slow (45 degrees /s) isokinetic knee extensions and flexions before and after the training programme. After training, the BLD was reduced for extension (73.3-86.9%; P < 0.001) but not for flexion (67.5-71.2%; P = 0.13) regardless of age and gender. This study suggests that difficulty in recruiting all muscle units during a task involving bilateral activation can be improved by training, although such an effect appears to depend on the muscle group appreciated.

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“…Desde 1961 10 , estudos vêm demonstrando diferenças entre a produção de força máxima durante ações bilaterais quando comparadas às ações unilaterais, nas quais o somatório da produção de força dos membros contralaterais é superior à força produzida bilateralmente [2][3][4]9,11 . Segundo Owings e Grabiner 2 , essa diferença, chamada de déficit bilateral, é um fenômeno decorrente da redução do desempenho muscular durante movimentos bilaterais (membros sincronizados).…”

Section: Déficit Bilateralunclassified

Déficit bilateral: origem, mecanismos e implicações para o treino de força.

Botton

Pinto

2012

Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum.

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Resumo -Vários estudos têm demonstrado uma menor capacidade de gerar força quando os exercícios de um programa de treinamento são executados bilateralmente em relação à soma da força executada pelos membros separadamente. Esse fenômeno, que tem sido bem descrito na literatura científica, é chamado de déficit bilateral. Os mecanismos causadores do déficit não são totalmente claros, mas parecem estar relacionados a mecanismos neurais, como um bloqueio dos hemisférios cerebrais ocorrido durante a contração bilateral que reduz a ativação de unidades motoras e a força produzida. Em relação a cada forma de execução (unilateral e bilateral) a longo prazo, as adaptações parecem ser específicas ao tipo de contração utilizada durante o treinamento. Portanto, em consideração à relevância da realização de exercícios executados unilateralmente e bilateralmente dentro de um programa de treino de força, assim como o efeito de cada forma de execução a longo prazo nas adaptações morfológicas e neurológicas do treinamento, esse artigo teve como objetivos caracterizar o fenômeno déficit bilateral, explorar seus principais mecanismos causadores, bem como discutir a influência de cada tipo de treinamento (unilateral e bilateral) nas adaptações do treinamento de força.

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Simultaneous vs. Separate Bilateral Muscular Contractions in Relation to Neural Overflow Theory and Neuromoter Specificity

Cited by 46 publications

References 2 publications

Expression of the bilateral deficit during reflexively evoked contractions

Expression of the bilateral deficit during reflexively evoked contractions

Bilateral isokinetic training reduces the bilateral leg strength deficit for both old and young adults

Déficit bilateral: origem, mecanismos e implicações para o treino de força.

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