“…Previous research found that myostatin signaling reversed the insulin-like growth factor 1/phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (IGF-1/PI3K/Akt) hypertrophy pathway by inhibiting AKT, allowing for increased expression of atrophy-related genes 27 , 28 . The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important downstream mediator in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating cell proliferation, survival, mobility and angiogenesis 29 . In the present study, we found that the mRNA expression of IGF-1, PI3K, AKT and mTOR significantly increased in 2 PP than 10 PP in vivo and in vitro ( p < 0.05).…”