Single-letter coloring and spatial cuing do not eliminate or reduce a semantic contribution to the Stroop effect

Augustinova, Maria; Flaudias, Valentin; Ferrand, Ludovic

doi:10.3758/pbr.17.6.827

Cited by 37 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These results replicate previous reports in the literature (e.g., Augustinova & Ferrand, 2012;Augustinova et al 2010;Augustinova et al 2015;Labuschagne & Besner, 2015;Manwell et al 2004). According to reports by Spieler et al (1996) and Heathcote et al (1991), the standard Stroop effect yields effects on the mean of the normal distribution (mu), the standard deviation of the normal distribution (sigma), and the tail (tau).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the semantic Stroop effect (SSE; e.g., Augustinova & Ferrand, 2012, 2014Augustinova, Flaudias, & Ferrand, 2010;Augustinova, Silvert, Ferrand, Llorca, & Flaudias, 2015;Labuschagne & Besner, 2015;Manwell, Roberts, & Besner, 2004;Risko, Schmidt, & Besner, 2006;Schmidt & Cheesman, 2005). The semantic manipulation consists of color-associated words (e.g., the word sky, associated with …”

Section: The Semantic Stroop Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis

2016

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Previous analyses of the standard Stroop effect (which typically uses color words that form part of the response set) have documented effects on mean reaction times in hundreds of experiments in the literature. Less well known is the fact that ex-Gaussian analyses reveal that such effects are seen in (a) the mean of the normal distribution (mu), as well as in (b) the standard deviation of the normal distribution (sigma) and (c) the tail (tau). No ex-Gaussian analysis exists in the literature with respect to the semantically based Stroop effect (which contrasts incongruent color-associated words with, e.g., neutral controls). In the present experiments, we investigated whether the semantically based Stroop effect is also seen in the three ex-Gaussian parameters. Replicating previous reports, color naming was slower when the color was carried by an irrelevant (but incongruent) colorassociated word (e.g., sky, tomato) than when the control items consisted of neutral words (e.g., keg, palace) in each of four experiments. An ex-Gaussian analysis revealed that this semantically based Stroop effect was restricted to the arithmetic mean and mu; no semantic Stroop effect was observed in tau. These data are consistent with the views (1) that there is a clear difference in the source of the semantic Stroop effect, as compared to the standard Stroop effect (evidenced by the presence vs. absence of an effect on tau), and (2) that interference associated with response competition on incongruent trials in tau is absent in the semantic Stroop effect.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: The Semantic Stroop Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis

2016

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“…The disappearance of the effect observed by Manwell et al could be interpreted in terms of a Type II error. Augustinova et al (2010) showed similar results when the word was presented centered on the differently colored letter (Experiment 2).…”

Section: Studies In Favor Of a Different Explanation Than Blocking Tesupporting

confidence: 65%

“…More recently, Augustinova, et al (2010), using the same design as Manwell et al (2004) in their Experiment 1, failed to find a reduction of the semantically-based Stroop effect with the SLC condition, even though a decrease in the classical Stroop effect was observed. This result was obtained with the inclusion of 79 participants compared with 16 by Manwell et al (2004).…”

Section: Studies In Favor Of a Different Explanation Than Blocking Tementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, when the letter the color of which is to be named is located in the OVP, the Stroop effect is not reduced, it can even increase in SLC condition. But Augustinova, et al (2010) (Experiment 2) observed no difference in the Stroop effect between the use of the OVP and when the letter to be named was randomly located (see Note 4 of the article by Augustinova, et al (2010) for possible explanations of the differences between these experiments).…”

Section: Studies In Favor Of a Different Explanation Than Blocking Tementioning

confidence: 99%

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A brief review of three manipulations of the Stroop task focusing on the automaticity of semantic access

Flaudias¹,

Llorca²

2014

Psychologica Belgica

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The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

Parris

Hasshim

Wadsley

et al. 2021

Psychological Research

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Despite instructions to ignore the irrelevant word in the Stroop task, it robustly influences the time it takes to identify the color, leading to performance decrements (interference) or enhancements (facilitation). The present review addresses two questions: (1) What levels of processing contribute to Stroop effects; and (2) Where does attentional selection occur? The methods that are used in the Stroop literature to measure the candidate varieties of interference and facilitation are critically evaluated and the processing levels that contribute to Stroop effects are discussed. It is concluded that the literature does not provide clear evidence for a distinction between conflicting and facilitating representations at phonological, semantic and response levels (together referred to as informational conflict), because the methods do not currently permit their isolated measurement. In contrast, it is argued that the evidence for task conflict as being distinct from informational conflict is strong and, thus, that there are at least two loci of attentional selection in the Stroop task. Evidence suggests that task conflict occurs earlier, has a different developmental trajectory and is independently controlled which supports the notion of a separate mechanism of attentional selection. The modifying effects of response modes and evidence for Stroop effects at the level of response execution are also discussed. It is argued that multiple studies claiming to have distinguished response and semantic conflict have not done so unambiguously and that models of Stroop task performance need to be modified to more effectively account for the loci of Stroop effects.

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Single-letter coloring and spatial cuing do not eliminate or reduce a semantic contribution to the Stroop effect

Cited by 37 publications

References 25 publications

The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis

The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis

A brief review of three manipulations of the Stroop task focusing on the automaticity of semantic access

The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

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