Single Mode Photonic Crystal Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers

Choquette, Kent D.; Siriani, Dominic F.; Kasten, A.; Tan, Ming Jen; Sulkin, Joshua D.; Leisher, Paul O.; Raftery, James J.; Danner, Aaron J.

doi:10.1155/2012/280920

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This can be achieved using vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) technology. Although VCSELs were developed in late 1970s, applications were limited to photonics [ 34 – 36 ]. Recently, OCT imaging using MEMS-tunable VCSELs at 1300 nm was reported [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging using ultrahigh speed swept source OCT with vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers

Grulkowski¹,

Liu²,

Potsaid³

et al. 2012

Biomed. Opt. Express

282

223

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We demonstrate swept source OCT utilizing vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) technology for in vivo high speed retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging. The MEMS tunable VCSEL enables long coherence length, adjustable spectral sweep range and adjustable high sweeping rate (50–580 kHz axial scan rate). These features enable integration of multiple ophthalmic applications into one instrument. The operating modes of the device include: ultrahigh speed, high resolution retinal imaging (up to 580 kHz); high speed, long depth range anterior segment imaging (100 kHz) and ultralong range full eye imaging (50 kHz). High speed imaging enables wide-field retinal scanning, while increased light penetration at 1060 nm enables visualization of choroidal vasculature. Comprehensive volumetric data sets of the anterior segment from the cornea to posterior crystalline lens surface are also shown. The adjustable VCSEL sweep range and rate make it possible to achieve an extremely long imaging depth range of ~50 mm, and to demonstrate the first in vivo 3D OCT imaging spanning the entire eye for non-contact measurement of intraocular distances including axial eye length. Swept source OCT with VCSEL technology may be attractive for next generation integrated ophthalmic OCT instruments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging using ultrahigh speed swept source OCT with vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers

Grulkowski¹,

Liu²,

Potsaid³

et al. 2012

Biomed. Opt. Express

282

223

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For the arrays studied here, the photonic crystal pattern pitch is 5 μm with a hole diameter of 3 μm, which implies each cavity is 7 μm diameter. These parameters were previously found to produce relatively high single mode output power from single defect photonic crystal lasers [17].…”

Section: Device Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Photonic crystal patterns etched into the top distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror have been shown to modify the optical modes such that a defect in the pattern (missing hole) can define a laser cavity and support single transverse mode emission [16], [17]. The optical loss arising from the photonic crystal surrounding such a defect cavity contributes to suppression of higher order modes [16].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Divergence Coherently Coupled Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Ring Arrays

et al. 2022

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We report the theory and experimental verification of a method to reduce beam divergence from coherently-coupled ring arrays of photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). The photonic crystal etched into the top distributed Bragg reflector defines the optically coupled array elements, each of which has independent current injection and thus independent gain. Using a 2-dimensional complex waveguide model we simulate the supermodes of a 6-element ring array of VCSELs. The influence of the photonic crystal, free carrier loss, laser gain, and carrier-induced index suppression arising from the spatially defined gain regions are included in our analysis. Our simulations show the latter enables preferred anti-guided supermodes with reduced beam divergence. Optical characterization of the spectral and beam characteristics of 6-ring photonic crystal implanted VCSEL arrays shows that when the arrays are current-tuned to quasi-single mode operation, we find the beam divergence angle approaches 2°consistent with our simulations. This method of reduced beam divergence may have advantages for high-brightness applications.

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“…The photonic crystal pattern has been shown to influence the modal properties of individual photonic crystal VCSELs [16]. Here we focus on three array designs with varying period but fixed fill factor (ratio of hole diameter to period).…”

Section: Photonic Crystal Vcsel Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Coherence and Coupling in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Arrays

Strzebonski

North

Jahan

et al. 2022

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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The optical coupling between dual elements of photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays is characterized. The optically coupled microcavity lasers have independent bias injection currents. Output power and beam analysis measurements are used to quantify the effects of optical coherence in nominally 850 nm emitting arrays. Modelling and experiment show how the optical coupling is influenced by photonic crystal lattice period and the independent current injection into the elements.

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Single Mode Photonic Crystal Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers

Cited by 17 publications

References 34 publications

Retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging using ultrahigh speed swept source OCT with vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers

Retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging using ultrahigh speed swept source OCT with vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers

Low Divergence Coherently Coupled Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Ring Arrays

Analysis of Coherence and Coupling in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Arrays

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