Single mode photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers

Danner, Aaron J.; Raftery, James J.; Leisher, Paul O.; Choquette, Kent D.

doi:10.1063/1.2181268

Cited by 61 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A number of devices with calculated V eff values above 2.4 operated single mode due to loss introduced by the holes, which is not included in the computation of V eff . These results are comparable to those obtained for the oxide-confined photonic crystal VCSELs in [11], indicating that the use of photonic crystals for single-mode emission in VCSELs is compatible with a variety of current injection schemes. Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The ability to scale to shallow etch depths is unique to implant-confined photonic crystal VCSELs. In contrast, oxideconfined photonic crystal VCSELs require a minimum hole etch depth to provide sufficient loss in order to inhibit lasing of the strongly guided oxide modes [11]. Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods such as the use of small diameter oxide [1], implant [2], or hybrid oxide-implant apertures [3], and etched surface reliefs [4], [5] have shown success, but require stringent design tolerances. There has also been considerable interest in the use of etched structures such as photonic crystals [6]- [11] and nonperiodic holes (such as wedges) [12]- [14] to achieve scalable single-mode results. The photonic crystal approach is unique in its "endlessly single-mode" property [15], which can provide single-fundamental-mode emission with a specific structure independent of wavelength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parametric Study of Proton-Implanted Photonic Crystal Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

Leisher

Sulkin

Choquette

2007

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-Photonic crystals with single-and seven-point defects are used to achieve single-fundamental-mode operation of protonimplanted vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The holes are etched at a variety of depths for various photonic crystal designs to investigate the influence on single-mode emission. Because protonimplantation provides weak transverse confinement in the form of thermal lensing, selective loss is not required to suppress lasing of extended photonic crystal modes. We show that etching the photonic crystals to shallow depths provides the ability to scale to large aperture sizes, while etching deeply allows single-mode emission of small diameter devices. Optimized designs exhibit a net reduction in loss relative to unetched control devices, as evidenced by a reduction in device threshold current.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parametric Study of Proton-Implanted Photonic Crystal Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

Leisher

Sulkin

Choquette

2007

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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“…It is used to create such an index change that it is enough to reflect back the fundamental mode whereas higher−order modes may go across it and penetrate the lossy area behind the photonic crystal. It has been found that the larger diameter of the cen− tral defect region enabling reaching the SFM performance is 10 μm [61]. Currently, PC VCSELs suffer from relatively high electrical (see Table 1) and thermal resistances and very low efficiency (see values of the slope efficiency given in Table 1).…”

Section: Diffraction Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

VCSEL structures used to suppress higher-order transverse modes

Nakwaski

2011

Opto-Electronics Review

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Currently unwanted excitation of higher-order transverse modes is the most serious drawback of vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode lasers (VCSELs) limiting their possible applications. In the present paper, various methods used to suppress those modes are described and their effectiveness is compared. It is well known that, because of a nearly uniform current injection into their active regions, small-aperture VCSELs without any modification offer quite high single-fundamental-mode (SFM) output. However, their series resistance is often too high, which aggravates their high-modulation performance. Similarly uniform current injection may be also achieved with the aid of a tunnelling junction. Generally, methods suppressing higher-order modes take advantage of higher optical gain within the central part of the active region, higher radiation losses outside this region and/or higher central mirror reflectivity. Currently, applications of a tunnel junction, an impurity-induced disordering or an inverted shallow surface relief seem to be the simplest and the most effective methods. The deep etched holey structure or the ARROW structure enable obtaining similar single-mode output powers but they may be used in special cases only because of their complex technology. Photonic crystals may probably enable more advanced mechanisms of suppressing higher-order modes in future because currently their application seems to be still far from being optimised.

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“…For the optical region, PCs have been utilized in waveguides, high-Q filters, lasers, and fibers. [27][28][29][30] In THz region, PCs are also of interest, as they could contribute to improvement of THz technology. Comparing to applications of passive devices such as filters, waveguides and PC fibers, there are few active devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Characterization of GaP Photonic Crystals for Terahertz Wave Application

Saito¹,

Kei²,

Tanabe

et al. 2007

Mater. Trans.

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We have fabricated GaP two-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) for terahertz (THz) wave generation by a reactive ion etching in Ar/Cl 2 gas chemistries. We performed 75-mm-deep etching of GaP, in which Al 2 O 3 layer is applied as a hard mask with its selectivity as high as 125. We demonstrated the THz-wave generation from the fabricated GaP slab waveguide with the PC structure as a cladding layer under a collinear phase-matched difference frequency generation. In the frequency dependence of THz output power for the PC slab waveguide is seen at around 1.1 THz. From the in-plane transmission spectrum of THz-wave, we confirmed that the THz output characteristics had relation with the photonic structure for THz wave.

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Single mode photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers

Cited by 61 publications

References 17 publications

Parametric Study of Proton-Implanted Photonic Crystal Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

Parametric Study of Proton-Implanted Photonic Crystal Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

VCSEL structures used to suppress higher-order transverse modes

Fabrication and Characterization of GaP Photonic Crystals for Terahertz Wave Application

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