Skeleto-Dental Features among a Sample of Saudi Female Children Compared to British Standards

Abstract

Aim: This cross-sectional observational retrospective study aimed at assessing the cephalometric skeleto-dental features of class I, II, and III skeletal relationship of Saudi female school children sample and comparing the results to the established British Caucasian cephalometric standards. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 205 retrospective lateral cephalometric radiographs of female school children. The age range of the subjects were between 10 and 13 years old with a mean age of 11 ± 1 years. Several cephalometric and constructed points were identified. Angular, linear, and proportional measurements were obtained and analyzed. The skeleto-dental features of class II and class III were compared to class I of this sample and then compared with the established British Caucasian population. Different angular, linear, and proportional variables were investigated. Descriptive statistics and Student's t-test were used for data analysis. Results: The distribution of the skeletal relationship revealed that 68.3% of the sample showed class I relationship, 16.1% class II, and 15.6% class III. The result indicates significant differences among the different classes. A greater tendency towards class II facial pattern and more convex profile among Saudis were detected in the present study compared to Caucasians. Furthermore, The dento-alveolar relationship results showed more bi-maxillary protrusion among Saudi females compared to the British Caucasians. Conclusion: The results of the study can serve as a base-line for future investigations in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the results obtained can also be of great value in distinguishing the various skeleto-dental features in the different skeletal classes among the Saudi females, and in the clinical diagnosis and treatment planning.

A scoping review of cephalometric normative data in children

“…All studies included both males and females except for two that investigated Significantly greater S-Go, N-ANS' , S-Ar' , S-Ar'/ S-Go; and smaller Ar'-Go/S-Go in black M than F; Significantly greater S-Ar' , S-Ar'/S-Go and smaller Ar'-Go/S-Go in white M than F. only females. 25,26 All articles used lateral cephalometric radiographs and none used cone-beam computed tomography. The characteristics of the selected articles are presented in Tables 1 and 2.…”

“…All studies included both males and females except for two that investigated only females. 25 , 26 All articles used lateral cephalometric radiographs and none used cone-beam computed tomography. The characteristics of the selected articles are presented in Tables 1 and 2 .…”

“…39 In terms of sexual dimorphism, anterior facial height (anterior total facial height [ATFH], AUFH, ALFH) was significantly greater in males in most longitudinal studies but was inconsistent in cross-sectional studies. Specifically, beginning as early as 7 years of age in the majority of studies, males presented greater ATFH, 28,[30][31][32][33]35,51,58 AUFH, 2,31,32,34,37,38,41,50,51 and ALFH 2,29,30,33,36,41,55,58 than females; however, the differences in ATFH, 26,40,42,55 AUFH, 33,36,50,52,58,59 and ALFH 24,38,50,52,53,59 were considered insignificant in other cross-sectional cohorts.…”