Skin mucus metabolites in response to physiological challenges: A valuable non-invasive method to study teleost marine species

Fernández-Alacid, Laura; Sanahuja, Ignasi; Ordóñez-Grande, Borja; Sánchez-Nuño, Sergio; Viscor, Ginés; Gisbert, Enric; Herrera, Marcelino; Ibarz, Antoni

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.083

Cited by 81 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Although several experiments have studied the effects of the osmotic challenge in European sea bass, mainly on plasma and regulatory parameters, no studies have yet considered these effects on skin mucus, a conservative indicator that can be assessed non-invasively and a potential target for stress studies [28]. Despite blood analysis generally being a non-lethal method to measure stress, the required procedure can generate injuries to fish skin and flesh, which may increase the risk of infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an Acute Osmotic Stress in European Sea Bass via Skin Mucus Biomarkers

Ordóñez-Grande

Guerreiro

Sanahuja

et al. 2020

Animals

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European sea bass is a marine teleost which can inhabit a broad range of environmental salinities. So far, no research has studied the physiological response of this fish to salinity challenges using modifications in skin mucus as a potential biological matrix. Here, we used a skin mucus sampling technique to evaluate the response of sea bass to several acute osmotic challenges (for 3 h) from seawater (35‰) to two hypoosmotic environments, diluted brackish water (3‰) and estuarine waters (12‰), and to one hyperosmotic condition (50‰). For this, we recorded the volume of mucus exuded and compared the main stress-related biomarkers and osmosis-related parameters in skin mucus and plasma. Sea bass exuded the greatest volume of skin mucus with the highest total contents of cortisol, glucose, and protein under hypersalinity. This indicates an exacerbated acute stress response with possible energy losses if the condition is sustained over time. Under hyposalinity, the response depended on the magnitude of the osmotic change: shifting to 3‰ was an extreme salinity change, which affected fish aerobic metabolism by acutely modifying lactate exudation. All these data enhance the current scarce knowledge of skin mucus as a target through which to study environmental changes and fish status.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an Acute Osmotic Stress in European Sea Bass via Skin Mucus Biomarkers

Ordóñez-Grande

Guerreiro

Sanahuja

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…In the present study, the mucus glucose at 115 mg/L MS‐222 remained lower than initial level at 24 hr after recovery. This phenomenon may suggest a long‐term compromised state in fish after high concentration of MS‐222 treatments (Fernández‐Alacid et al, 2018; Sharon, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive evaluation of the anaesthetic efficacy of MS‐222 for ornamental discus fish using skin mucus biomarkers

Ouyang

Wen

et al. 2020

Aquac Res

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Skin mucus has been demonstrated to provide stress biomarkers for evaluating the physiological status, providing new convenient and non‐invasive methods to detect stress response in fish. Here, we investigated the anaesthetic efficacy of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222; 75–115 mg/L) for discus Symphysodon aequifasciata (34.27 ± 4.46 g; 8.10 ± 0.59 cm) using skin mucus stress biomarkers. The induction time, recovery time and respiratory frequency were also determined. According to the criteria for anaesthesia and recovery, discus fish to reach stage A3 (deep anaesthesia) within 3 min and to reach stage R4 (full recovery of normal behaviour) within 5 min were observed at 95–105 mg/L MS‐222. Respiratory frequency increased first and then decreased during MS‐222 exposure and increased after recovery. At 10 min after deep anaesthesia, a lower mucus glucose was only observed at 115 mg/L MS‐222. No change in mucus cortisol and increased lactate were observed in all treatments. Increased mucus protein was observed at 75, 85 and 95 mg/L MS‐222. At 10 min after recovery, increased mucus glucose and decreased mucus protein were observed at 85, 95 and 115 mg/L MS‐222, but increased mucus cortisol only at 115 mg/L and lactate only at 75 and 105 mg/L MS‐222. At 24 hr after recovery, mucus glucose returned to the initial level only at 75, 95 and 105 mg/L MS‐222, while cortisol at 75 and 85 mg/L and protein and lactate at 75 mg/L respectively. Overall, the effective dose of MS‐222 for discus fish has been suggested to be 95–105 mg/L.

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“…Epidermal mucus of stress-affected fish due to hypoxia and crowding contain structural protein molecules (glycoprotein, lectin, actin, transferrin) and enzymes that serve as the body's defence and metabolism system (Fernández-Alacid et al, 2019). Mucus contains glucose metabolites and cortisol hormone (Guardiola et al, 2016) which positively correlated with plasma cortisol levels, thus potentially as a biochemical biomarker with a non-invasive, fast, and simple method (Fernández-Alacid et al, 2018) to detect early stress response and disease (Fernández-Alacid et al, 2019). Other metabolites found in stress-affected fish mucus are lactic acid and proteins.…”

Section: Biochemical Biomarkers In Fish Epidermal Mucus As a Stress Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other metabolites found in stress-affected fish mucus are lactic acid and proteins. Lactic acid levels and the ratio of glucose to proteins can be used as stress biomarkers due to environmental stress (Fernández-Alacid et al, 2018).…”

Section: Biochemical Biomarkers In Fish Epidermal Mucus As a Stress Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidermal mucus as a potential biological matrix for fish health analysis

Santoso¹,

Suhartono²,

Yunita³

et al. 2020

Egypt. J. of Aquatic Biolo. and Fish.

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Skin mucus metabolites in response to physiological challenges: A valuable non-invasive method to study teleost marine species

Cited by 81 publications

References 64 publications

Evaluation of an Acute Osmotic Stress in European Sea Bass via Skin Mucus Biomarkers

Evaluation of an Acute Osmotic Stress in European Sea Bass via Skin Mucus Biomarkers

Minimally invasive evaluation of the anaesthetic efficacy of MS‐222 for ornamental discus fish using skin mucus biomarkers

Epidermal mucus as a potential biological matrix for fish health analysis

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