Skin: Physiology and Penetration Pathways

Michniak‐Kohn, Bozena; Wertz, Philip W.; Al-Khalili, Mohammad; Meidan, Victor M.

doi:10.1016/b978-081551504-3.50008-0

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…It is known that the intercellular lipid multilayers in the SC, consisting mainly of ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids, are the main pathway for most molecules. The ionizable fatty acids impart a negative charge to the intercellular pathway 35. Hence, when the cations diffuse in highly ordered lipid layers, their movement is retarded under the electrostatic attraction of negatively charged head groups in lipids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Skin Permeation of Neutral Species and Ionic Species: Extended Linear Free Energy Relationship Analyses

Zhang

Chen

Scriba

et al. 2012

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Skin Permeation of Neutral Species and Ionic Species: Extended Linear Free Energy Relationship Analyses

Zhang

Chen

Scriba

et al. 2012

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…Thus, the potential influence of the different formulation properties of macroemulsions and nanoemulsions on the skin permeation of the three model drugs flufenamic acid, diclofenac acid and curcumin was investigated. Porcine abdominal skin was chosen as model membrane because of its morphology and permeability, which are similar to those of human skin [ 9 , 28 ]. The porcine abdominal skin was freed from hair and treated with a dermatome (GB 228R, Aesculap) set at 1.2 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-solid Sucrose Stearate-Based Emulsions as Dermal Drug Delivery Systems

et al. 2011

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Mild non-ionic sucrose ester surfactants can be employed to produce lipid-based drug delivery systems for dermal application. Moreover, sucrose esters of intermediate lipophilicity such as sucrose stearate S-970 possess a peculiar rheological behavior which can be employed to create highly viscous semi-solid formulations without any further additives. Interestingly, it was possible to develop both viscous macroemulsions and fluid nanoemulsions with the same chemical composition merely by slight alteration of the production process. Optical light microscopy and cryo transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the sucrose ester led to the formation of an astonishing hydrophilic network at a concentration of only 5% w/w in the macroemulsion system. A small number of more finely structured aggregates composed of surplus surfactant were likewise detected in the nanoemulsions. These discoveries offer interesting possibilities to adapt the low viscosity of fluid O/W nanoemulsions for a more convenient application. Moreover, a simple and rapid production method for skin-friendly creamy O/W emulsions with excellent visual long-term stability is presented. It could be shown by franz-cell diffusion studies and in vitro tape stripping that the microviscosity within the semi-solid formulations was apparently not influenced by their increased macroviscosity: the release of three model drugs was not impaired by the complex network-like internal structure of the macroemulsions. These results indicate that the developed semi-solid emulsions with advantageous application properties are highly suitable for the unhindered delivery of lipophilic drugs despite their comparatively large particle size and high viscosity.

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