Skin Pigmentation in Relation to the Menstrual Cycle*

Snell, Richard S.; Turner, Raymond D

doi:10.1038/jid.1966.119

Cited by 38 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Such variations may result from a synergistic action of estrogens and progesterone on the melanogenic activity of epidermal melanocytes. Similar mechanisms account for the hyperpigmentation during pregnancy, which is most prominent in mammilar skin (224,225). Estrogens are capable of accelerating the synthesis of melanin; the mechanism is supposed to be a direct effect of the hormone itself, because the response occurs locally when the hormone is applied directly to the skin (226).…”

Section: Immunohistochemistry 28mentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Hair Follicle as an Estrogen Target and Source

et al. 2006

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For many decades, androgens have dominated endocrine research in hair growth control. Androgen metabolism and the androgen receptor currently are the key targets for systemic, pharmacological hair growth control in clinical medicine. However, it has long been known that estrogens also profoundly alter hair follicle growth and cycling by binding to locally expressed high-affinity estrogen receptors (ERs). Besides altering the transcription of genes with estrogen-responsive elements, 17␤-estradiol (E2) also modifies androgen metabolism within distinct subunits of the pilosebaceous unit (i.e., hair follicle and sebaceous gland). The latter displays prominent aromatase activity, the key enzyme for androgen conversion to E2, and is both an estrogen source and target.Here, we chart the recent renaissance of estrogen research in hair research; explain why the hair follicle offers an ideal, clinically relevant test system for studying the role of sex steroids, their receptors, and interactions in neuroectodermal-mesodermal interaction systems in general; and illustrate how it can be exploited to identify novel functions and signaling cross talks of ER-mediated signaling. Emphasizing the long-underestimated complexity and species-, gender-, and site-dependence of E2-induced biological effects on the hair follicle, we explore targets for pharmacological intervention in clinically relevant hair cycle manipulation, ranging from androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism via telogen effluvium to chemotherapy-induced alopecia. While defining major open questions, unsolved clinical challenges, and particularly promising research avenues in this area, we argue that the time has come to pay estrogen-mediated signaling the full attention it deserves in future endocrinological therapy of common hair growth disorders. (Endocrine Reviews 27: 677-706, 2006)

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Section: Immunohistochemistry 28mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Skin color varies with the menstrual cycle (224,225). Such variations may result from a synergistic action of estrogens and progesterone on the melanogenic activity of epidermal melanocytes.…”

Section: Immunohistochemistry 28mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hair Follicle as an Estrogen Target and Source

et al. 2006

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“…Melanoma is another example of an oestrogen‐dependent tumour where oestrogens are thought to be contraindicated. Many studies suggest that melanocytes are responsive to oestrogen: oestrogen can induce changes in melanocyte pigmentation 77,78 oestrogen and androgen receptors are present in about 50% of melanomas 79,80 ; however, survival is better in women with melanoma 81 especially in cases of oestrogen positive lesions 82 , unless complicated by pregnancy 83 . Despite the presence of specific high affinity receptors for oestrogen, oestradiol has no effect on the proliferative activity of either oestrogen positive or oestrogen negative cell lines in vitro 84 Both in vitro and in vivo exposure of oestrogen positive hamster melanoma cells to oestradiol results in inhibition of growth 85 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mythology of hormone replacement therapy

Hartmann¹,

Huber²

1997

BJOG

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Objective To evaluate the literature on contraindications contained in pharmaceutical data sheets of five currently available oestrogen replacement preparations (HRT). These contraindications include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver diseases, otosclerosis, endometriosis, melanoma and hormone‐dependent tumours. Design Systematic review. Interventions Oestrogen replacement regimens. Results The contraindications to the five HRT preparations have been taken uncritically from the data sheets of oral contraceptives. In some of these conditions not only is HRT not contraindicated, it is indicated. The data sheets for the HRT preparations all state that cardiovascular disease is a contraindication, but systematic review shows that ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia are not contraindications, and in ischaemic heart disease HRT may actually be indicated. Similarly, systematic review shows that diabetes, chronic liver disease, endometriosis, some cases of treated cancer of the endometrium and breast, melanoma and otosclerosis are not contraindications to HRT. Conclusions The information in the pharmaceutical data sheets of HRT regimens should be modified as more accurate information could influence how these preparations are prescribed by doctors as well as affect patient compliance.

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“…Interest in the effects of isoflavones on overall skin health is not surprising given that they bind to ERs, which are present in the skin [333,334]—and that estrogen therapy is thought to improve a number of skin parameters [335,336,337,338] including skin elasticity [339], water-holding capacity [340], pigmentation [341] and vascularity [342]. Skin appendages, such as hair follicles, are also influenced by estrogens [343].…”

Section: Skin Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soy and Health Update: Evaluation of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Literature

2016

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Soyfoods have long been recognized as sources of high-quality protein and healthful fat, but over the past 25 years these foods have been rigorously investigated for their role in chronic disease prevention and treatment. There is evidence, for example, that they reduce risk of coronary heart disease and breast and prostate cancer. In addition, soy alleviates hot flashes and may favorably affect renal function, alleviate depressive symptoms and improve skin health. Much of the focus on soyfoods is because they are uniquely-rich sources of isoflavones. Isoflavones are classified as both phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Despite the many proposed benefits, the presence of isoflavones has led to concerns that soy may exert untoward effects in some individuals. However, these concerns are based primarily on animal studies, whereas the human research supports the safety and benefits of soyfoods. In support of safety is the recent conclusion of the European Food Safety Authority that isoflavones do not adversely affect the breast, thyroid or uterus of postmenopausal women. This review covers each of the major research areas involving soy focusing primarily on the clinical and epidemiologic research. Background information on Asian soy intake, isoflavones, and nutrient content is also provided.

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Skin Pigmentation in Relation to the Menstrual Cycle*

Cited by 38 publications

References 4 publications

The Hair Follicle as an Estrogen Target and Source

The Hair Follicle as an Estrogen Target and Source

The mythology of hormone replacement therapy

Soy and Health Update: Evaluation of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Literature

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