Skin sampling—validation of a pad method and comparison with commonly used methods

Hambræus, Anna; Hoborn, Jan; Whyte, W.

doi:10.1016/0195-6701(90)90045-p

Cited by 36 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Interest in surface dust sampling has been stimulated by research in evaluating metal, (1-25) organic chemical, (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) organic dust (biological), (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52) and radioactive (9,35,53¡ 56) exposures, but especially to children. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)31,…”

Section: Surface Sampling In Industrial/environmental Hygiene Is a Grmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Portable Cordless Vacuum Method for Sampling Dry, Hard Surfaces for Dusts

Kim

Hee²,

Froines³

2000

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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Surface sampling in industrial/environmental hygiene is a growing field that needs validated standardized methods. There are few standard methods, one being the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method involving a portable, cordless air sampling pump. In the present work, the ASTM technique was modified to increase efficiency and versatility. A soil sample was first dried and sieved. Known weights of different sieved sizes (125 microns-180 microns, 90 microns-125 microns, and 63 microns-90 microns) were then sampled at an average flow rate of 4.0 +/- 0.2 L/min from a template of inner dimensions 10 cm by 10 cm on two different surfaces (rough and smooth). Five consecutive sampling passes were performed. For the smooth surface, the first pass efficiency for the largest particles were 45% +/- 45% (CV = 100%), and 75% +/- 20% (CV = 27%) for the smallest particles. After three passes, the efficiency independent of particle size exceeded 83 percent with a CV better than 11 percent. After five passes, the efficiency exceeded at least 85 percent with about the same precision as for three passes. The rough surface allowed higher efficiencies for the first two sampling passes. Three to five passes are recommended to achieve acceptable efficiencies for the surface loose dust/soil range 100 micrograms/cm2 to 1,500 micrograms/cm2.

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Section: Surface Sampling In Industrial/environmental Hygiene Is a Grmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Portable Cordless Vacuum Method for Sampling Dry, Hard Surfaces for Dusts

Kim

Hee²,

Froines³

2000

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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“…This low yield has been attributed to the low colonization density of Acinetobacter species, including A. baumannii, on body surfaces (3). One study comparing the yields of various skin sampling methods showed that the use of moist sponges in lieu of swabs resulted in an approximately 100-fold increase in the number of colonies of aerobic bacteria obtained (5). We therefore hypothesized that a higher sensitivity will be achieved for the detection of A. baumannii colonization by sampling larger areas of the body surface with sponges, coupled with the use of medium to promote the selective growth of this organism.…”

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confidence: 99%

Screening for Acinetobacter baumannii Colonization by Use of Sponges

et al. 2011

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There is currently no consensus method for the active screening of Acinetobacter baumannii. The use of swabs to culture nostrils, pharynx, and skin surface of various anatomical sites is known to yield less-than-optimal sensitivity. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the use of sterile sponges to sample large areas of the skin would improve the sensitivity of the detection of A. baumannii colonization. Forty-six patients known to be colonized with A. baumannii, defined by a positive clinical culture for this organism as defined by resistance to more than two classes of antimicrobials, participated in the study. The screening sites included the forehead, nostrils, buccal mucosa, axilla, antecubital fossa, groin, and toe webs with separate rayon swabs and the forehead, upper arm, and thigh with separate sponges. Modified Leeds Acinetobacter medium (mLAM) agar plates that contained vancomycin and either aztreonam or ceftazidime were used as the selective medium. An enrichment culture grown overnight substantially increased the sensitivity for most sites. The sensitivity ranged between 69.6 and 82.6% for individual sponge sites and 21.7 to 52.2% for individual swab sites when mLAM plates with ceftazidime were inoculated after a 24-h enrichment period. The sponge and swab sites with the best sensitivity were the leg and the buccal mucosa, respectively (82.6% and 52.2%; P ‫؍‬ 0.003). The combined sensitivity for the upper arm and leg with a sponge was 89.1%. The novel screening method using sterile sponges was easy to perform and achieved excellent sensitivity for the detection of A. baumannii colonization.

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“…Decreasing bacteria viability may also have been a factor in light of the results of the present investigation. Bacteria on human skin have been sampled with a pad and rinsing techniques (Hambraeus et al, 1990). Bacteria on citrus fruit surfaces were removed better by washing and waxing, rather than by washing alone (Pao and Brown, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%