Sleep Need: How Much Sleep and What Kind?

Hartmann, Ernest; Baekeland, Frederick; Zwilling, George; Hoy, Patrick

doi:10.1176/ajp.127.8.1001

Cited by 77 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, Hicks and Garcia 91 found that high stress leads to reduction in sleep time of about 1 standard deviation and low stress to an increase of about 1 standard deviation of sleep time. Nonetheless, findings from previously mentioned studies 7,80,82,87 argue that lengthening sleep is related more to stress and stressful events than positive events. Sanford and colleagues 92 note that an aversive event can shorten or lengthen sleep in mice for days, depending on the amount of conditioning and training the animal has received.…”

Section: Studies Of Variable Sleepersmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Long sleepers reported having started work at an older age and for fewer hours per week than short sleepers 80 . More recently, Motohashi and colleagues 56 found that short sleep was associated with increased overtime work.…”

Section: Psychological Characteristics Of Long Versus Short Sleepersmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For example, Hartmann and colleagues 80 found that on the California Personality Inventory (CPI), long sleepers reported lower "social presence," "sociability," and "flexibility" than short sleepers. Taub 81 found that long sleepers reported more "aggression and misfortune elements" in dreams.…”

Section: Psychological Characteristics Of Long Versus Short Sleepersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taub 81 found that long sleepers reported more "aggression and misfortune elements" in dreams. On the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), long sleepers have scored lower on scales measuring social desirability 7,80 and mania 82 and higher on scales measuring social introversion 7,80,82 and psychiatric disruption 82 .…”

Section: Psychological Characteristics Of Long Versus Short Sleepersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Who are the long sleepers? Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship

Grandner

Drummond

2007

Sleep Medicine Reviews

370

307

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While much is known about the negative health implications of insufficient sleep, relatively little is known about risks associated with excessive sleep. However, epidemiological studies have repeatedly found a mortality risk associated with reported habitual long sleep. This paper will summarize and describe the numerous studies demonstrating increased mortality risk associated with long sleep. Although these studies establish a mortality link, they do not sufficiently explain why such a relationship might occur. Possible mechanisms for this relationship will be proposed and described, including (1)sleep fragmentation, (2)fatigue, (3)immune function, (4)photoperiodic abnormalities, (5)lack of challenge, (6)depression, or (7)underlying disease process such as (a)sleep apnea, (b)heart disease, or (c)failing health. Following this, we will take a step back and carefully consider all of the historical and current literature regarding long sleep, to determine whether the scientific evidence supports these proposed mechanisms and ascertain what future research directions may clarify or test these hypotheses regarding the relationship between long sleep and mortality. WHO ARE THE LONG SLEEPERS?How much sleep do we need?Whereas the answer to this question usually involves the determination of the minimum amount of sleep required for the maintenance of health, less attention has been directed to the question of the maximum amount of sleep for optimum health. This may be an equally important issue, given research suggesting that there are negative health consequences of excessive sleep 1 .There is growing public awareness of the need for an adequate amount of sleep, and the myriad problems associated with insufficient sleep, which is consistent with a hypothesis

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