“…Although the ministry of energy, trade, and industry of Japan recommends an indoor temperature of 20 • C in winter [41], participants still used ACs or heaters while sleeping at night. As natives, the Japanese usually use AC for only a short period before and after sleeping and not continuously while sleeping [32,42]. A previous study on young Japanese in Tsukuba, Japan, for 6 months in one year (2-month interval: February, April, June, August, October, and December) reported that the ambient temperature before going to sleep in December (winter) is 14.5 • C [42] and average bedroom temperature is 10 • C for old persons during winter [32].…”