Small Animals/Avian

Cave, Nicholas J.; Marks, Stanley L.; Kass, Philip H.; Melli, Ann C.; Brophy, Melissa A.

doi:10.2460/javma.2002.221.52

Cited by 102 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This study confirms, for the first time intra vitam, that intestinal mucosal hemorrhagic necrosis is the principal histologic lesion found in dogs with HGE. In contrast to previous histologic studies,5, 6 some infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes in the intestinal mucosa was observed; however, in relation to the severe epithelial destruction, the influx of inflammatory cells was disproportionally minor. Acute mucosal destruction, in general, could be explained by ischemia,22 hyperthermia,23 acute parvoviral infection,24 and enterotoxins 25, 26, 27, 28.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Some reports have mentioned that lesions in dogs with HGE mainly affect the small intestine,5, 9 whereas other reports have stated that these lesions are particularly severe in the colon 8. In the present patient population, we demonstrated that the entire intestinal tract was affected in dogs with HGE and that mucosal damage is generally more severe in the large intestine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Over the last 40 years, allergic, hereditary, autoimmune, and infectious disorders have been proposed as causes for this syndrome. However, the exact pathogenesis remains unknown 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. In the first description of a large group of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea, the name “hemorrhagic gastroenteritis” (HGE) was used 1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This terminology has since been questioned, as the intestinal histology of affected dogs investigated at necropsy showed no evidence of an inflammatory reaction in a previous study 6. The principal intestinal lesions of dogs with HGE at necropsy were described as superficial mucosal hemorrhagic necroses 5, 8, 9. An additional histologic finding of the intestinal lesions identified by histopathology was the adherence of large Gram‐positive bacilli, identified as Clostridium perfringens , to the necrotic mucosal surfaces 7, 8, 9.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An association between a clostridial infection and acute hemorrhagic diarrhea is suspected, as 8/27 dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea had positive fecal ELISA results for C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), 7/27 for C. difficile toxin A, and 1/27 for both toxins 5. However, C. perfringens can be cultured from the fecal specimens of more than 80% of diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs, and CPE can also be detected in up to 14% of nondiarrheic, healthy dogs 11, 15…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endoscopically Visualized Lesions, Histologic Findings, and Bacterial Invasion in the Gastrointestinal Mucosa of Dogs with Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome

Unterer¹,

Busch²,

Leipig³

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundEtiology of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) syndrome in dogs is unknown and histopathologic and microbial investigations have only been performed post mortem.ObjectiveTo identify characteristic intra vitam endoscopic and histologic mucosal lesions, as well as bacterial species, within the mucosa of dogs with HGE.AnimalsTen dogs diagnosed with HGE were included. Eleven dogs with gastroduodenoscopy and different intestinal diseases were used as controls for microbial changes. Dogs pretreated with antibiotics or diagnosed with any disease known to cause bloody diarrhea were excluded from the study.MethodsIn this prospective study, gastrointestinal biopsies were collected from 10 dogs with HGE. Endoscopic and histologic changes were assessed according to WSAVA guidelines. Biopsies from the stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon were investigated by histology and by immunohistochemistry for the presence of Clostridium spp. and parvovirus. The first duodenal biopsy taken with a sterile forceps was submitted for bacterial culture.ResultsAcute mucosal lesions were only found in the intestines, not in the stomach. Clostridium spp., identified as Clostridium perfringens in 6/9 cases, were detected on the small intestinal mucosa in all dogs with HGE, either by culture or immunohistopathology. In the control group, C. perfringens could only be cultured in one of 11 dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe results of this study demonstrate an apparent association between C. perfringens and the occurrence of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. The term “HGE,” which implies the involvement of the stomach, should be renamed as “acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome.”

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