Small-aperture array as a tool to monitor fluid injection- and extraction-induced microseismicity: applications and recommendations

Abstract

The monitoring of microseismicity during temporary, human activities such as fluid injections for hydrofracturing, hydrothermal stimulations or waste water disposal is a difficult task. The seismic stations often cannot be installed on hard rock and at quiet places, noise is strongly increased during the operation itself and the installation of sensors in deep wells is costly and often