Small Area and Individual Level Predictors of Physical Activity in Urban Communities: A Multi-Level Study in Stoke on Trent, England

Cochrane, Tom; Davey, Rachel; Gidlow, Christopher; Smith, Graham; Fairburn, Jonathan; Armitage, Christopher J.; Stephansen, Hilde C.; Speight, Svetlana

doi:10.3390/ijerph6020654

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It is reasonable therefore, to assume that the mechanisms linking obesity and area level deprivation reflect the underlying effects of deprivation on dietary habits and physical activity status. Evidence suggests that the deprivation of an area is associated with characteristics of the food (43)(44)(45)(46)(47) and physical activity environment (43,45,(48)(49)(50), with more deprived areas thought to be more obesogenic (51). Of further interest is that fact that the relationship between obesity and SES is stronger, and in many cases only shown to be statistically significant in girls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area-level deprivation and adiposity in children: is the relationship linear?

2013

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Objective: It has been suggested that childhood obesity is inversely associated with deprivation, such that the prevalence is higher in more deprived groups. However, comparatively few studies actually use an area level measure of deprivation limiting the scope to assess trends in the association with obesity for this indicator. Furthermore, most assume a linear relationship. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate associations between area level deprivation and three measures of adiposity: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in children.Design: Cross sectional study, data collected on 3 occasions a year apart (2005 -2007) Subjects: Data was available for 13333 children, typically aged 11-12 years from 37 schools and 542 Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs).Measures: Stature, mass and WC. Obesity was defined as a BMI and WC exceeding the 95 th centile according to British reference data. WHtR exceeding 0.5 defined obesity. The Index of Multiple Deprivation affecting children (IDACI) was used to determine area level deprivation.Results: Considerable differences in the prevalence of obesity exist between the three different measures. However, for all measures of adiposity the highest probability of being classified obese is in the middle of the IDACI range. This relationship is more marked in girls, such that the probability of being obese for girls living in areas at the two extremes of deprivation is around half that at the peak, occurring in the middle. Conclusion:These data confirm the high prevalence of obesity in children and suggest that the relationship between obesity and residential area level deprivation is not linear. This is contrary to the 'deprivation theory' and questions the current understanding and interpretation of the relationship between obesity and deprivation in children. These results could help make informed decisions at the local level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area-level deprivation and adiposity in children: is the relationship linear?

2013

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“…Numerous studies in multiple countries have demonstrated that recreational walking, increased physical activity and reduced sedentary time were associated with access to, and use of green space in working age adults, children and senior citizens (Epstein et al 2006;Kaczynski and Henderson 2007;Kaczynski et al 2008;Sugiyama and Ward Thompson 2008;Cochrane et al 2009;Almanza et al 2012;Lachowycz et al 2012;Astell-Burt et al 2013;Schipperijn et al 2013;Lachowycz and Jones 2014;Sugiyama et al 2014;Gardsjord et al 2014;James et al 2015;Sallis et al 2016). Almanza et al (2012) used satellite images and GPS and accelerometer data from children in several communities in California, the United States to demonstrate that increased residential greenness was positively associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity.…”

Section: Enhanced Physical Activity and Improved Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Urban Green Space on Environmental Health, Equity and Resilience

Braubach

Egorov

Mudu

et al. 2017

Theory and Practice of Urban Sustainability Transitions

143

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Modern urban life style is associated with chronic stress, insufficient physical activity and exposure to anthropogenic environmental hazards. Urban green space, such as parks, playgrounds, and residential greenery, can promote mental and physical health and reduce morbidity and mortality in urban residents by providing psychological relaxation and stress alleviation, stimulating social cohesion, supporting physical activity, and reducing exposure to air pollutants, noise and excessive heat.This chapter summarizes the pathways that link green spaces to health and wellbeing, and discusses available evidence of specific beneficial effects such as improved mental health, reduced risks of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes and death, and improved pregnancy outcomes Specific attention is given to benefits of urban green space for disadvantaged groups and their impacts on health equity. Potential health risks associated with urban green spaces are also discussed along with approaches to reducing or eliminating these risks through proper design and maintenance of green spaces.

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“…Individual factors, such as motivation to engage in outdoor activities or orientation towards nature, may be equally very strong drivers of park visitation behavior [24], [25]. In this case, it is an individual's orientation , rather than opportunity alone, that may determine the motivation to spend time in urban green space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunity or Orientation? Who Uses Urban Parks and Why

et al. 2014

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There is growing recognition that interactions with nature provide many desirable human well-being outcomes, yet increasing urbanization is degrading the quality and quantity of nature experiences. Thus, it has become increasingly important to understand how and why urban dwellers interact with nature. Studies of urban green space use have largely focused on the availability and ease of access to green space, suggesting that greater opportunities to experience such space will lead to increased use. However, a growing literature emphasizes the potential for an individual's nature orientation to affect their interaction with green space. Here we measure the importance of both opportunity and orientation factors in explaining urban park use. An urban lifestyle survey was deployed across Brisbane, Australia in November 2012 to assess patterns of green space use. Participants (n = 1479) were asked to provide information on demographics, private yard use, park visitations in the past week, and their orientation toward nature. About 60% of those surveyed had visited a park in the past week, and while this park user population had significantly greater nearby park coverage (within a 250 m radius; p = 0.006), a much stronger determinant of visitation was their higher nature orientation (p<0.00001), suggesting that while both opportunity and orientation are important drivers for park visitation, nature orientation is the primary effect. Park users also spent significantly more time in their yards than non-park users (p<0.00001), suggesting that yard use does not necessarily compensate for lower park use. Park users with stronger nature orientation (i) spent more time in their yard, (ii) traveled further to green spaces, and (iii) made longer visits than park visitors with weaker nature orientation. Overall, our results suggest that measures to increase people's connection to nature could be more important than measures to increase urban green space availability if we want to encourage park visitation.

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Small Area and Individual Level Predictors of Physical Activity in Urban Communities: A Multi-Level Study in Stoke on Trent, England

Cited by 43 publications

References 41 publications

Area-level deprivation and adiposity in children: is the relationship linear?

Area-level deprivation and adiposity in children: is the relationship linear?

Effects of Urban Green Space on Environmental Health, Equity and Resilience

Opportunity or Orientation? Who Uses Urban Parks and Why

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