Small Extracellular Vesicles: Functions and Potential Clinical Applications as Cancer Biomarkers

Wang, Yi; Zhao, Ruichen; Jiao, Xueqiao; Wu, Longyuan; Wei, Yuxuan; Shi, Fuxiu; Zhong, Junpei; Xiong, Likuan

doi:10.3390/life11101044

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 154 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…Cancer-derived sEVs promoted the spread and colonization of cancer cells by remodeling the tumor microenvironment and altering the extracellular matrix [ 68 ]. Cancer sEVs play a role in six major areas: angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasive metastasis, immune escape, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and drug resistance [ 69 ]. UBL3 may influence these processes by being involved in sorting proteins into sEVs.…”

Section: Ubl3mentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Potential Therapeutic Target for Cancer in Ubiquitin-Like Proteins—UBL3

Zhang

Chen

Waliullah

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are involved in a variety of biological processes through the modification of proteins. Dysregulation of Ubl modifications is associated with various diseases, especially cancer. Ubiquitin-like protein 3 (UBL3), a type of Ubl, was revealed to be a key factor in the process of small extracellular vesicle (sEV) protein sorting and major histocompatibility complex class II ubiquitination. A variety of sEV proteins that affects cancer properties has been found to interact with UBL3. An increasing number of studies has implied that UBL3 expression affects cancer cell growth and cancer prognosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the relationship between various Ubls and cancers. We mainly introduce UBL3 and its functions and summarize the current findings of UBL3 and examine its potential as a therapeutic target in cancers.

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Section: Ubl3mentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Potential Therapeutic Target for Cancer in Ubiquitin-Like Proteins—UBL3

Zhang

Chen

Waliullah

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…sEVs are typically less than 200 nm in diameter [ 6 ] and are produced in the extracellular space by nearly all cell types [ 26 ]. The number and content of sEVs are related to the state and type of the producing cell, which is caused by the distinct regulatory sorting mechanisms of the source cells [ 27 ].…”

Section: Sev Isolation and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, sEVs play a crucial role in gynecologic malignancy diagnosis and treatment. For example, sEV miRNAs have been shown to be reliable biomarkers for early detection and can predict treatment response [ 6 ]. Clinical diagnosis of gynecologic malignancy using sEVs has been extensively investigated ( Table 2 ).…”

Section: Sev and Emsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) defines EVs as particles naturally released by cells that are separated by lipid bilayers and cannot replicate. According to their size, they can be divided into small EVs (sEVs) (<100 nm or <200 nm), medium EVs, and large EVs (>200 nm) [ 5 , 6 ]. sEVs are heterogeneous vesicles that play important roles in intercellular communication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical Application of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Gynecologic Malignancy Treatments

Zheng

Wang

et al. 2023

Cancers

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Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are the key mediators of intercellular communication. They have the potential for clinical use as diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers and have been explored as vectors for drug delivery. Identification of reliable and noninvasive biomarkers, such as sEVs, is important for early diagnosis and precise treatment of gynecologic diseases to improve patient prognosis. Previous reviews have summarized routine sEVs isolation and identification methods; however, novel and unconventional methods have not been comprehensively described. This review summarizes a convenient method of isolating sEVs from body fluids and liquid biopsy-related sEV markers for early, minimally invasive diagnosis of gynecologic diseases. In addition, the characteristics of sEVs as drug carriers and in precision treatment and drug resistance are introduced, providing a strong foundation for identifying novel and potential therapeutic targets for sEV therapy. We propose potential directions for further research on the applications of sEVs in the diagnosis and treatment of gynecologic diseases.

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“…In another study, the disbalance of exosomes containing miR-217 was considered a diagnostic biomarker in gastric cancer [ 19 ]. Recent work indicated that exosomes containing miR-9-3p or miR-21 can act as biomarkers for early detection of metastasis in liver cancer (HCC), a malignant cancer that has no specific symptoms in the early stages [ 20 ]. In this review, we describe the functional and mechanistic roles of exosomes in the development and progression of gastrointestinal cancers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing exosomes in theranostic applications: advancements and insights in gastrointestinal cancer research

Shojaeian,

Naeimi Torshizi,

Parsapasand

et al. 2024

Discov Onc

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Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm) that are formed by endocytosis containing complex RNA as well as protein structures and are vital in intercellular communication and can be used in gene therapy and drug delivery. According to the cell sources of origin and the environmental conditions they are exposed to, these nanovesicles are very heterogeneous and dynamic in terms of content (cargo), size and membrane composition. Exosomes are released under physiological and pathological conditions and influence the pathogenesis of cancers through various mechanisms, including angiogenesis, metastasis, immune dysregulation, drug resistance, and tumor growth/development. Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer in humans and can involve organs e.g., the esophagus and stomach, or others such as the liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon. Early diagnosis is very important in this field because the overall survival of patients is low due to diagnosis in late stages and recurrence. Also, various therapeutic strategies have failed and there is an unmet need for the new therapeutic agents. Exosomes can become promising candidates in gastrointestinal cancers as biomarkers and therapeutic agents due to their lower immunity and passing the main physiological barriers. In this work, we provide a general overview of exosomes, their biogenesis and biological functions. In addition, we discuss the potential of exosomes to serve as biomarkers, agents in cancer treatment, drug delivery systems, and effective vaccines in immunotherapy, with an emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers. Graphical Abstract

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Small Extracellular Vesicles: Functions and Potential Clinical Applications as Cancer Biomarkers

Cited by 7 publications

References 154 publications

A New Potential Therapeutic Target for Cancer in Ubiquitin-Like Proteins—UBL3

A New Potential Therapeutic Target for Cancer in Ubiquitin-Like Proteins—UBL3

Clinical Application of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Gynecologic Malignancy Treatments

Harnessing exosomes in theranostic applications: advancements and insights in gastrointestinal cancer research

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