Small extracellular vesicles: Yields, functionalization and applications in diabetic wound management

Abstract

Diabetic wounds have imposed a significant burden on both patients and society with prolonged healing processes hindered by dysfunctional skin repair cells. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), as the important media for intercellular communications, show promising therapeutic potential in treating diabetic wounds by restoring cellular functions. However, low yields and limited bio‐function of sEVs greatly challenge their large‐scale clinical use. Here, we briefly overview the biogenesis and cellular uptake of sEVs, emphasize current advances in improving the yields of sEVs and optimizing the function of sEVs with engineering approaches, and summarize the applications of engineered sEVs in diabetic wound treatment. Furthermore, the undissolved issues during the clinical transformation of engineered sEVs are also discussed. This critical review aims to provide meaningful guidance for future applications of engineered sEVs in the management of diabetic wounds.

A tilapia skin-derived gelatin hydrogel combined with the adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction for full-thickness wound healing

“…Regeneration and repair of skin tissues include epithelialization, where the differentiation and migration of epithelial cells at the wound site continues to form a new epidermal layer to cover the wound, and dermal remodeling, where the fibroblast cells proliferate at the trauma site, and collagen is deposited to reshape the dermis. 20,21 These processes can be observed by hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining (Fig. 4a and b).…”

Integrating Pt nanoparticles with 3D Cu2-xSe/GO nanostructure to achieve nir-enhanced peroxidizing Nano-enzymes for dynamic monitoring the level of H2O2 during the inflammation

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in wound inflammation treatment ( 1 ). Their reactive and destructive properties enable neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose, thus aiding in inflammation management ( 2 – 4 ). Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is a major secondary messenger in the treatment of inflammation and a typical ROS molecule in biomedical diagnostics ( 5 , 6 ).…”