Small Intestine: Anatomy and Structural Anomalies

Rubin, Deborah C.; Langer, Jacob C.

doi:10.1002/9781444303254.ch46

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…A dynamic system directs this process involving cell generation and migration from the stem cell population, located near the bottom of the crypts, to the extrusion of terminally differentiated cells at the tips of the villi 25 . Indeed, epithelial cells of the different compartments of the crypt–villus axis are characterized by differential properties in regard to cellular proliferation as well as differentiation 26 . Both in vitro and in vivo experiments in this current study strongly suggest that milk exosomes are able to promote intestinal cell proliferation and digestive tract development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine milk-derived exosomes promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells

Chen

Xie

Sun

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

162

148

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Milk-derived exosomes were identified as a novel mechanism of mother-to-child transmission of regulatory molecules, but their functions in intestinal tissues of neonates are not well-studied. Here, we characterized potential roles of porcine milk-derived exosomes in the intestinal tract. In vitro, treatment with milk-derived exosomes (27 ± 3 ng and 55 ± 5 ng total RNA) significantly promoted IPEC-J2 cell proliferation by MTT, CCK8, EdU fluorescence and EdU flow cytometry assays. The qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicated milk-derived exosomes (0.27 ± 0.03 μg total RNA) significantly promoted expression of CDX2, IGF-1R and PCNA, and inhibited p53 gene expression involved in intestinal proliferation. Additionally, six detected miRNAs were significantly increased in IPEC-J2 cell, while FAS and SERPINE were significantly down-regulated relative to that in control. In vivo, treated groups (0.125 μg and 0.25 μg total RNA) significantly raised mice’ villus height, crypt depth and ratio of villus length to crypt depth of intestinal tissues, significantly increased CDX2, PCNA and IGF-1R’ expression and significantly inhibited p53′ expression. Our study demonstrated that milk-derived exosomes can facilitate intestinal cell proliferation and intestinal tract development, thus giving a new insight for milk nutrition and newborn development and health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine milk-derived exosomes promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells

Chen

Xie

Sun

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

162

148

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“…IL can occur as a primary congenital disorder or it can be secondary to diseases that block the intestinal lymph drainage [4]. Many cases, however, have been reported to be congenital in origin and have most likely been caused by failure in the proper formation of lymphatic vessels, although IL can be seen as a consequence of acquired obstruction of the lymphatic system [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IL secondary to an inflammatory process has been successfully treated with corticosteroids [5,6]. Anecdotal reports have demonstrated the efficiency of octreotide and fibrinolysis therapy using antiplasmin or tranexamic acid [4,7,8]. Finally, in selected cases in which a localized area of severe abnormalities exists in the small intestine, surgery to remove this isolated segment has been attempted, although most IL cases present with diffuse small intestinal involvement, which is not amenable to resection [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A low-fat diet, supplemented with medium-chain triglycerides or fatty acids, can reduce chylomicrons in obstructed lymphatics and thereby decrease the lymphatic pressure and rate of lymph loss [4]. IL secondary to an inflammatory process has been successfully treated with corticosteroids [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IL can occur as a primary congenital disorder, or it can be secondary to a disease that blocks the intestinal lymph drainage to some extent. The causes of secondary IL include constrictive extensive abdominal or retroperitoneal carcinoma or lymphoma, retroperitoneal fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, mesenteric tuberculosis or sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, Whipple disease, scleroderma, celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, constrictive pericarditis, and chronic congestive heart failure; it can also follow the Fontan procedure [4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of Intestinal Lymphangiectasia with Protein-Losing Enteropathy: White Villi Type and Non-White Villi Type

Ohmiya

Nakamura²,

Yamamura³

et al. 2014

Digestion

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Background/Aims: We classified intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) into two categories, the white and non-white villi types, and evaluated their clinical characteristics and therapeutic responses. Methods: Of the 988 patients who underwent double-balloon enteroscopy, 14 consecutive patients (7 men and 7 women, median age at onset 34 years) were enrolled with immunohistochemically confirmed IL with protein-losing enteropathy. Results: Enteroscopically the white villi type (n = 8) showed white plaques and white-tipped villi were scattered in the small bowel, while non-white villi type (n = 6) showed that apparently normal but under more detailed observation, low and round villi with a normal color were diffused. The serum albumin levels and fecal E₁-antitrypsin clearance before treatment were significantly worse in the non-white villi type (p = 0.017 and 0.039, respectively), whereas the serum immunoglobulin A and M levels were significantly lower in the white villi type (p = 0.010 and 0.046, respectively). At gastroscopy, a non-cirrhotic snakeskin appearance was significantly observed in the non-white villi type (p = 0.015). The corticosteroid response was better in the non-white villi type (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Two distinct subgroups were found in IL. This classification was useful in pathophysiological clustering and in predicting the therapeutic response. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

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