Small Modular Reactors: Opportunities and Challenges as Emerging Nuclear Technologies for Power Production

Abstract

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have gained international attention due to their modular design, small footprint, and lower capital costs for research, development, and construction compared to conventional reactors. Many types of SMRs are being developed in different countries, and regulatory agencies are working on a robust and “harmonized” SMR regulatory framework to ensure safety and protect the environment. However, there are still many details that need to be understood, such as nuclear fuel behavior at high pressures and temperatures (1000 °C), types and levels of radiation exposure during normal operations and accidents, types and volume of nuclear waste, and their proper storage and disposal. Moreover, SMRs' modular design and small size make them suitable for remote locations, such as the Canadian Arctic. However, before introducing this technology, a detailed study of the arctic soil (permafrost) is needed in the context of changing climate. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is a crucial methodology for assessing the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants. Due to multi-module nature of SMRs, cross-unit interactions ( multi-module effects) need to be evaluated as part of the total plant safety assessment. Additionally, given the nature of fuels (low-enriched uranium) and the possible remote location with minimal technical staff, nuclear materials may have a higher probability of diversion. Therefore, nuclear safeguards and material accountancy are essential to prevent nuclear proliferation. This paper discusses the benefits and challenges of deploying different SMR technologies for electricity generation and other applications.

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) as a Solution for Renewable Energy Gaps: Spatial Analysis for Polish Strategy

“…The notion of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) has garnered global recognition owing to their modular configuration, compact footprint, and reduced capital expenditures for research, development, and construction in contrast to conventional reactors [28]. They are seen as a potential solution to meet the growing demand for energy while reducing emissions [9].…”

“…Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are currently under development across various nations, with regulatory bodies actively collaborating to establish a robust and standardized regulatory framework. This framework aims to guarantee safety measures and environmental protection throughout the implementation of SMRs [28]. On the other hand, numerous challenges persist and necessitate resolution within this context.…”

“…On the other hand, numerous challenges persist and necessitate resolution within this context. These include comprehending the behavior of nuclear fuel under elevated pressures and temperatures, managing radiation exposure during both routine operations and unforeseen incidents, as well as devising effective strategies for the handling and disposal of nuclear waste streams [28].…”