“…[4][5][6][7] Although these methods use different techniques, they usually have some drawbacks. For example, traditional colorimetric and uorescent methods based on organic dyes have poor photostability and water solubility, and are expensive, 8 while, electrochemistry and isotopic labeling methods based on conjugated polyelectrolytes have complicated synthetic, purication, and modication procedures, which affect ALP activity. 9 Furthermore, in most cases, ALP is expressed at a low abundance level naturally in biological systems, so the detector signal for ALP levels has been affected by interference in human serum.…”