Smart cities survey: Technologies, application domains and challenges for the cities of the future

Abstract

The introduction of the Information and Communication Technologies throughout the last decades has created a trend of providing daily objects with smartness, aiming to make human life more comfortable. The paradigm of Smart Cities arises as a response to the goal of creating the city of the future, where (1) the well-being and rights of their citizens are guaranteed, (2) industry and (3) urban planning is assessed from an environmental and sustainable viewpoint. Smart Cities still face some challenges in their implementation, but gradually more research projects of Smart Cities are funded and executed. Moreover, cities from all around the globe are implementing Smart City features to improve services or the quality of life of their citizens. Through this article, (1) we go through various definitions of Smart Cities in the literature, (2) we review the technologies and methodologies used nowadays, (3) we summarise the different domains of applications where these technologies and methodologies are applied (e.g. health and education), (4) we show the cities that have integrated the Smart City paradigm in their daily functioning and (5) we provide a review of the open research challenges. Finally, we discuss about the future opportunities for Smart Cities and the issues that must be tackled in order to move towards the cities of the future.

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“…All these factors can provide a wide range of data sources and configure the urban computing environment, which ITS must handle to create effective solutions for urban mobility and transportation [3,4]. Urban computing is part of the smart city concept, conceived as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance the quality and performance of the services provided to an urban area and its citizens [5,6].…”

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“…Sánchez-Corcuera [22]: The smart city application faces many challenges; sustainable assets cater risks that can overweigh its benefits as discussed by Klassen's [19] research in 2012; these risks are only going to augment in the future. Urban planning is comprehended by sustainable factors revolving around the environment.…”

“…Kundu [23]: Kundu Debasish supports and proves Sánchez-Corcuera Ruben's [22] work; transparency is a key factor for an efficient smart city despite the available set of technologies carrying the society in the imminent time. To establish transparency and trust which is the building of any business contract, smart contracts or cryptocontracts direct the workflows and access control of transactions, which we implemented for tokenizing WRC-wastewater recycling certificates.…”

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“…As part of this new dynamic, initiatives in the context of smart cities have emerged, aiming at harnessing the power of data to connect with citizens, to build public awareness, to drive urban development and local public policy, and to answer pressing problems such as how to lighten the huge strain that human development has historically placed on the environment and Earth's natural resources. The burgeoning information technology (IT) industry has played a major role in bringing forth these kind of initiatives: big data, Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing technologies are at the core of the smart city strategies being implemented nowadays around the world [1].…”