Smart controlled environment agriculture methods: a holistic review

Ragaveena, S.; Edward, A. Shirly; Surendran, U.

doi:10.1007/s11157-021-09591-z

Cited by 83 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Indoor spaces corresponded exclusively to controlled‐environment systems with artificial light and the use of hydroponics, while green spaces referred mostly to soil‐based, open‐air systems (though a few used polytunnels). Controlled‐environment agriculture combined with the use of hydroponics creates optimized conditions for crop growth, leading to maximized crop production and yields due to precise application of inputs, controlled growth parameters and reduced exposure to pests and diseases (Ragaveena et al., 2021). Soilless agriculture also helps to reduce nutritional deficiency in crops, maintain soil pH via nutrient solution dosage and avoid problems traditionally linked to soil‐based production such as pests and diseases (Li et al., 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the observations in this category were located in indoor spaces. Though controlled‐environment agriculture is usually associated with the use of soilless cultivation methods such as hydroponics, aeroponics or aquaponics (Ragaveena et al., 2021), soil‐based methods were also found to be used in such environments, particularly in greenhouses and indoor farms. “Open‐air agriculture” refers to agricultural systems where crops are cultivated in the open and are not physically protected from outdoor elements (e.g., fields, gardens, rooftop terraces, etc.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Much Food Can We Grow in Urban Areas? Food Production and Crop Yields of Urban Agriculture: A Meta‐Analysis

et al. 2022

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Urban agriculture can contribute to food security, food system resilience and sustainability at the city level. While studies have examined urban agricultural productivity, we lack systemic knowledge of how agricultural productivity of urban systems compares to conventional agriculture and how productivity varies for different urban spaces (e.g., allotments vs. rooftops vs. indoor farming) and growing systems (e.g., hydroponics vs. soil‐based agriculture). Here, we present a global meta‐analysis that seeks to quantify crop yields of urban agriculture for a broad range of crops and explore differences in yields for distinct urban spaces and growing systems. We found 200 studies reporting urban crop yields, from which 2,062 observations were extracted. Lettuces and chicories were the most studied urban grown crops. We observed high agronomic suitability of urban areas, with urban agricultural yields on par with or greater than global average conventional agricultural yields. “Cucumbers and gherkins” was the category of crops for which differences in yields between urban and conventional agriculture were the greatest (17 kg m−2 cycle−1 vs. 3.8 kg m−2 cycle−1). Some urban spaces and growing systems also had a significant effect on specific crop yields (e.g., tomato yields in hydroponic systems were significantly greater than tomato yields in soil‐based systems). This analysis provides a more robust, globally relevant evidence base on the productivity of urban agriculture that can be used in future research and practice relating to urban agriculture, especially in scaling‐up studies aiming to estimate the self‐sufficiency of cities and towns and their potential to meet local food demand.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Much Food Can We Grow in Urban Areas? Food Production and Crop Yields of Urban Agriculture: A Meta‐Analysis

et al. 2022

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“…It is difficult to realize large-scale agricultural field management due to the difficulty of early line and pipeline deployment. With the flourishing development of sensors, computer networks, wireless communication technology, and remote sensing technology, developed countries led by the United States and the Netherlands, have started to vigorously promote the digital management of agricultural information [5]. The United States, as a largely agricultural country, has an adoption rate of up to 80% for agricultural technology.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Detection System Based on Smart Sensor Network and Ecological Economy in the Context of Fine Agriculture

Wang

Teo

et al. 2022

Journal of Sensors

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In this paper, an in-depth study and analysis of the ecological economy of fine agriculture are carried out using image detection methods of smart sensor networks. The analog signal output from the wireless sensor network is filtered and thresholder to convert into a digital signal to complete the sensor monitoring data preprocessing for digital information analysis. In this paper, with the objectives of good environmental adaptability, low power consumption, low cost, and standardization, the key technologies of wireless sensor networks for fine agriculture are studied, including network structure, networking method, node positioning method, data fusion method, rapid energy self-sufficiency, and energy-saving strategy, and the performance evaluation method of wireless sensor network system, IoT-oriented middleware design method, generic node software and hardware design method, and typical application system. Firstly, a convolutional layer is used instead of a fully connected layer, which makes the network more flexible in terms of input image requirements and enables the calculation of the target rice region. Not only will many complex operations be generated, but it will also limit the generalization ability of the model. Then, by introducing a flexible connection layer based on unit and optimizing the loss function of the network, a crop convolutional neural network (Crop-Net) is finally proposed for training and testing rice images at different growth stages to improve the detection accuracy. In this paper, a network quality of service goal-driven evaluation strategy and evaluation method for agricultural wireless sensor network systems is designed to provide a reference for the establishment of industry standards for wireless sensor network systems for fine agriculture.

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“…This can positively affect the quantity and quality of the crops. Additionally, the use of IVFs will allow year-round crop production, even in areas with short growing seasons or unfavorable climatic conditions [13][14][15][16]. One shortcoming of this cultivation technology is the relatively high energy input, e.g., the production of one kg of curled lettuce required 7-9 kWh of electric energy [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Light Intensity and Spectrum on Duckweed Growth and Proteins in a Small-Scale, Re-Circulating Indoor Vertical Farm

Petersen

Demann

Restemeyer

et al. 2022

Plants

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Duckweeds can be potentially used in human and animal nutrition, biotechnology or wastewater treatment. To cultivate large quantities of a defined product quality, a standardized production process is needed. A small-scale, re-circulating indoor vertical farm (IVF) with artificial lighting and a nutrient control and dosing system was used for this purpose. The influence of different light intensities (50, 100 and 150 µmol m−2 s−1) and spectral distributions (red/blue ratios: 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70%) on relative growth rate (RGR), crude protein content (CPC), relative protein yield (RPY) and chlorophyll a of the duckweed species Lemna minor and Wolffiella hyalina were investigated. Increasing light intensity increased RGR (by 67% and 76%) and RPY (by 50% and 89%) and decreased chlorophyll a (by 27% and 32%) for L. minor and W. hyalina, respectively. The spectral distributions had no significant impact on any investigated parameter. Wolffiella hyalina achieved higher values in all investigated parameters compared to L. minor. This investigation proved the successful cultivation of duckweed in a small-scale, re-circulating IVF with artificial lighting.

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Smart controlled environment agriculture methods: a holistic review

Cited by 83 publications

References 60 publications

How Much Food Can We Grow in Urban Areas? Food Production and Crop Yields of Urban Agriculture: A Meta‐Analysis

How Much Food Can We Grow in Urban Areas? Food Production and Crop Yields of Urban Agriculture: A Meta‐Analysis

Image Detection System Based on Smart Sensor Network and Ecological Economy in the Context of Fine Agriculture

Influence of Light Intensity and Spectrum on Duckweed Growth and Proteins in a Small-Scale, Re-Circulating Indoor Vertical Farm

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