“…Since the peptide used in our study was conjugated with TMR (∼1 nm) [39], resulting in an increase of its size, and that MSNPs underwent coating with APTES (∼0.9 nm), which reduced the pore diameter, it was expected that EDCmediated cross-linking of free amine groups with carboxyl groups in C105Y-TMR was more likely to occur on the surface of the MSNPs, rather than inside the pore channels, thus facilitating the presentation of targeting moieties to sperm.…”