Snake envenomation and protective natural endogenous proteins: a mini review of the recent developments (1991–1997)

Thwin, Maung Maung; Gopalakrishnakone, P.

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00137-8

Cited by 61 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Certain molecules like endogenous antitoxic serum proteins with neutralizing capacity against snake venoms have been previously reported (Thwin and Gopalakrishnakone, 1998). An animal study has also been well documented in the case of immunity of the opossum (Didelphis marsupials) towards the venom of the Jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) snake (Domont et al, 1991).…”

Section: Effect Of Venom (Ld 50 ) and Body Weight Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India

Samy

Thwin

Gopalakrishnakone

et al. 2008

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

211

138

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Section: Effect Of Venom (Ld 50 ) and Body Weight Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India

Samy

Thwin

Gopalakrishnakone

et al. 2008

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

211

138

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“…Although some of the compounds showed a degree of neutralizing activity, none reached 100% protection (55 Numerous investigations are designed to understand the innate resistance of some animals to snake venoms. Some compounds have been isolated from snakes, opposums and other animals with promising results (56)(57)(58)(59)(60). However, the use of substances other than immunoglobulins may not guarantee the absence of anaphylactic reactions.…”

Section: Reaction)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Snake antivenoms: adverse reactions and production technology

Morais¹,

Massaldi²

2009

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Antivenoms have been widely used for more than a century for treating snakebites and other accidents with poisonous animals. Despite their efficacy, the use of heterologous antivenoms involves the possibility of adverse reactions due to activation of the immune system. In this paper, alternatives for antivenom production already in use were evaluated in light of their ability to minimize the occurrence of adverse reactions. These effects were classified according to their molecular mechanism as: anaphylactic reactions mediated by IgE, anaphylactoid reactions caused by complement system activation, and pyrogenic reactions produced mainly by the presence of endotoxins in the final product. In the future, antivenoms may be replaced by humanized antibodies, specific neutralizing compounds or vaccination. Meanwhile, improvements in antivenom quality will be focused on the obtainment of a more purified and specific product in compliance with good manufacturing practices and at an affordable cost.

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“…Current scientific evidence convincingly shows that several reptiles and mammals have evolved efficient molecular strategies to resist snake envenomation (for a historical overview, see Domont et al 1991;Thwin and Gopalakrishnakone 1998). Well-characterized examples include snake species from the Viperidae, Elapidae, and Colubridae families as well as several mammals from the families Didelphidae (opossums), Erinaceidae (hedgehog), and Herpestidae (mongooses) (Faure 2000;Lizano et al 2003;Perales et al 2005).…”

Section: Natural Resistance To Snake Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Inhibitors of Snake Venom Metallopeptidases

Neves-Ferreira¹,

Valente²,

Domont³

et al. 2015

Toxins and Drug Discovery

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Protein inhibitors of peptidases are widely distributed among animals, plants, and microorganisms. They are important regulatory molecules that function to avoid proteolysis in various biological systems. From the plasma of animals that are naturally resistant to snake envenomation, a special class of peptidase inhibitors has been identified. These inhibitors have antihemorrhagic properties and form inactive noncovalent complexes with snake venom metallopeptidases. In nonresistant animals, these toxic metallopeptidases induce microvascular damage and are responsible for systemic and local hemorrhage, key events in the pathogenesis of viperid envenomation. The inhibitors isolated from mammalian plasma are grouped into the MEROPS I43 family of immunoglobulin-related proteins; those from reptiles show a typical cystatin-like fold and belong to the MEROPS I25C subfamily. The inhibitors show a reversible tight-binding reaction mechanism of inhibition, although due to a lack of three-dimensional information for the enzyme-inhibitor complexes, the structural features that govern the interaction are largely unknown. This review is intended to highlight the latest advances in the field, analyzing future perspectives in the area of natural immunity against snake venom. The discussion will focus on how endogenous protein inhibitors can be used as structural templates, providing valuable insights into the molecular determinants of selective metallopeptidase inhibition. The wide range of natural toxin inhibitors may constitute a rich source of information leading to new possibilities in intervention not only against snake venom metallopeptidases but also against other metzincins, such as mammalian MMPs and ADAMs.

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Snake envenomation and protective natural endogenous proteins: a mini review of the recent developments (1991–1997)

Cited by 61 publications

References 54 publications

Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India

Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India

Snake antivenoms: adverse reactions and production technology

Natural Inhibitors of Snake Venom Metallopeptidases

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