SnO films and their oxidation to SnO2: Raman scattering, IR reflectivity and X-ray diffraction studies

Geurts, J.; Rau, S.; Richter, Wolfgang; Schmitte, F.J.

doi:10.1016/0040-6090(84)90303-1

Cited by 288 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Overall, four different modes are Raman active with respect to the above mentioned space group: A 1g , B 1g , and 2 E g modes. 53,[67][68][69] For "aged", polycrystalline mackinawite developed after two months exposure, these have been assigned on the basis of 53 On the other hand, the observation in this work is that XRD already shows a typically crystalline mackinawite diffraction pattern, even though the Raman spectrum is similar to the spectrum that other sources assigned to a special nanocrystalline "initial" form of mackinawite. 29,52,53 It is not directly obvious why a nanocrystalline mackinawite should have a Raman spectrum that is so qualitatively different from the spectrum of the crystalline product.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

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Raman Spectroscopy of Mackinawite FeS in Anodic Iron Sulfide Corrosion Products

Genchev

Erbe

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

119

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Raman spectroscopy in a confocal microscope was used to study electrochemically synthesized corrosion products from sour gas experiments. When exposed to oxygen-containing atmosphere, the initial mackinawite FeS corrosion product transformed under laser irradiation to hematite, Fe 2 O 3 . Measurements with a thin water layer on top of the corrosion products prevented the transformation, as drying was prevented. In situ Raman measurements of mackinawite formation avoided the problem of transformation completely. In situ and operando, the initially formed mackinawite showed two Raman peaks in the wavenumber range >180 cm −1 centered around 200-215 cm −1 and 285-300 cm −1 . On an empirical basis, these modes were assigned to a B 1g mode of the iron sublattice and an A 1g mode of the sulfur sublattice, respectively. A comparison with a literature assignment for aged mackinawite suggests that the aging observed involves significant changes in the sulfur sublattice. Corrosion of iron in H 2 S containing solutions is a general problem in crude oil and natural gas production, and is generally referred to as sour corrosion. Aqueous H 2 S solutions promote corrosion of steels, [1][2][3] but the exact nature and mechanisms of corrosion strongly depend on the reaction conditions. 4-7 While the process has been widely investigated for pure iron, [8][9][10][11][12] and carbon steels, [13][14][15][16][17] there is still a lack of understanding of the reaction path and electronic properties of the corrosion products. 18,19The chemistry of the corrosion products formed during H 2 Striggered corrosion is rather complex, as there are many different solids consisting only of iron and sulfur. 20 However, mackinawite has been found to be the initial, 8,21 and probably most important corrosion product, of iron in aqueous sulfide solutions as it was observed in reactions carried out over a wide range of pH and temperature. 11,19,[22][23][24] It possesses a tetragonal, layered crystal structure, [25][26][27] and can be synthesized by precipitation from solutions containing Fe 2+ and S 2− solutions, 28,29 or by reaction of sulfide solution with metallic iron. 19,21,26,30 In the field of microbially induced corrosion, sulfatereducing bacteria are known to transform sulfate compounds into iron sulfides, e.g. mackinawite. [31][32][33][34][35][36] Raman spectroscopy has become an important tool for identification of corrosion products. [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] Some major problems may still occur due to laser heating, fluorescence, or low sensitivity as a consequence of the small cross-sections of Raman scattering. However, the fact that glass and water are both very weak Raman scatterers makes this technique suitable for in situ measurements in aqueous environments. 46-48The presence of water has an additional positive effect on the process as it decreases the heating from the laser. The use of (in situ and operando) Raman spectroscopy for study corrosion process studies of iron in sulfide rich environments has been already repor...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…53 Raman studies of thin films of SnO, 68 and single crystals of both FeTe 70 and FeSe 71 show the absence of the E g modes because of crystal orientation. (On the other hand, the E g modes were detected e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Spectroscopy of Mackinawite FeS in Anodic Iron Sulfide Corrosion Products

Genchev

Erbe

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

119

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“…2 211.1 cm À1 corresponding to the A 1g and B 1g vibrational modes, respectively, for the tetragonal SnO structure, which is consistent with the previously reported results. 16,17 Typical hysteretic current-voltage characteristics obtained from the as-deposited SnO RS device are shown in Fig. 3(a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroforming-free resistive switching memory effect in transparent p-type tin monoxide

Hota

Caraveo-Frescas

McLachlan

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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“…2(b). SnO 2 with a tetragonal rutile crystalline structure has 4 Raman-active modes: A 1g (631-638 cm ) [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Among these, the A 1g peak can be used to analyze the degree of crystallinity of SnO 2 because its half angle width decreases and its intensity increases with increasing crystallinity [22][23][24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization of Mesoporous Tin Oxide Prepared by Anodic Oxidation

Kim¹,

Shin²

2017

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology

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Crystallization of one-dimensional porous tin oxide during the anodic oxidation of tin at ambient temperatures is reported. Remarkable crystallinity is achieved when a substrate with a high elastic modulus (e.g., silicon) is used and the tin coating on it is very thin. It is suggested that the compressive stress applied to the anodic tin oxide during the anodization process is the key factor affecting the degree of crystallinity. The measured value of the stress generated during anodization matches well with the range of the most favorable theoretical pressure (stress) for crystallization.

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SnO films and their oxidation to SnO2: Raman scattering, IR reflectivity and X-ray diffraction studies

Cited by 288 publications

References 8 publications

Raman Spectroscopy of Mackinawite FeS in Anodic Iron Sulfide Corrosion Products

Raman Spectroscopy of Mackinawite FeS in Anodic Iron Sulfide Corrosion Products

Electroforming-free resistive switching memory effect in transparent p-type tin monoxide

Crystallization of Mesoporous Tin Oxide Prepared by Anodic Oxidation

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