Soccer players awarded one or more red cards exhibit lower 2D:4D ratios

Mailhos, Álvaro; Buunk, Abraham P.; Arca, Denise del; Vallarino, Verónica Tutte

doi:10.1002/ab.21638

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…There is certainly some evidence for this in male sport. For example, elite football players with low 2D:4D tend to be more aggressive and commit more fouls per game (punished by the referee as a caution [yellow card] or as an expulsion [red card]) than players with high 2D:4D (Mailhos, Buunk, Del Arca & Tutte, ; Perciavalle, Di Corrado, Petralia, Gurrisi, Massimino & Coco, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and game‐related statistics in professional and semi‐professional male basketball players

Klapprodt

Fitzgerald

Short

et al. 2018

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to examine relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and game-related statistics in professional and semiprofessional male basketball players. The secondary aim was to quantify differences in mean 2D:4Ds between starting and reserve players. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, 93 male basketball players from the professional Australian National Basketball League and the semi-professional South Australian Premier League were measured in-season for height, mass, and 2D:4D, with game-related statistics collected end-season. Linear relationships between right and left 2D:4Ds and game-related statistics were quantified using nonparametric partial correlations, and differences in mean 2D:4Ds between starting and reserve players were quantified using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). All partial correlations and ANCOVAs were adjusted for playing experience, body size, and competitive standard. Results: 2D:4D was a weak to moderate negative correlate of points scored and assists-to-turnovers ratio, indicating that males with lower 2D:4Ds were generally better offensively as they recorded more points and assists relative to turnovers. The difference in mean 2D:4D between starting and reserve players was negligible. Conclusions: 2D:4D was favorably correlated with open-skill sports performance, as evidenced by the better offensive statistics of male basketball players with lower 2D:4Ds. These results probably reflect the organizational benefits of prenatal testosterone and indicate that 2D:4D may be a useful complement to traditional physical, physiological, skill, and behavioral predictors of basketball success.anthropometry, finger ratio, males, physical performance, sportThe digit ratio (2D:4D) is the ratio of the length of the second digit (2D; the index finger) and the fourth digit (4D; the ring finger). Evidence indicates that 2D:4D is developmentally stable and fixed as early as the second semester of pregnancy (Malas,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and game‐related statistics in professional and semi‐professional male basketball players

Klapprodt

Fitzgerald

Short

et al. 2018

American J Hum Biol

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“…Additionally, the negative association between a man's 2D4D ratio and the frequency of M-A produced suggests that pT concentrations may influence the use of metaphorical language to signal mate quality. A low 2D4D ratio is indicative of higher pT (Lutchmaya et al, 2004 ) as well as higher sexual-interest and male specific traits (Klimek et al, 2014 ; Mailhos et al, 2016 ). A recent large-scaled study including 89,612 men has also shown significant association between 2D4D ratio and male-type occupations (Manning et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the relationship between pT and language ability remains controversial (Papadatou-Pastou and Martin, 2017 ). Higher pT concentrations are also associated with more masculine behavior (Aromäki et al, 2002 ; Bancroft, 2005 ; Auyeung et al, 2009 ; Welker et al, 2014 ; Kung et al, 2016 ; Mailhos et al, 2016 ; Atkinson et al, 2017 ), indicative of a man's physical and reproductive health (Johnston et al, 2001 ; Klimek et al, 2014 ), and a stronger sex drive (Aromäki et al, 2002 ). Thus, the propensity for men to use language to display their mate quality might vary as a function of individual differences in pT levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men Who Compliment a Woman's Appearance Using Metaphorical Language: Associations with Creativity, Masculinity, Intelligence and Attractiveness

Gao

Yang

et al. 2017

Front. Psychol.

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Language may have evolved as a signal of mental fitness. However, it remains unclear what language form and topic men use to covertly signal mate quality. In this study 69 men created compliments to impress unfamiliar women they chose to either date or work with and provided hand scans to compute 2D4D ratio as a proxy for prenatal testosterone exposure and masculinity indicator. Compliments were coded in terms of form (literal vs. metaphorical) and topic (women's appearance vs. non-appearance), with metaphorical ones being subsequently rated by 114 women for psycholinguistic features, indices of intelligence and willingness to have a romantic relationship with the author. Results showed that in a dating context, men produced more metaphorical form compliments targeting appearance compared to the working context and they were associated with men's art creativity and negatively with 2D4D ratio (i.e., positively with masculinity). Women preferred establishing a romantic relationship with a higher proportion of the men producing metaphorical compliments in a dating than a working context. Furthermore, in the dating but not the working context, women perceived men producing such compliments as being more intelligent, and importantly this correlated with the men's actual verbal intelligence. Overall, findings suggest that men may use metaphorical language compliments targeting women's appearance in a dating context to signal covertly their mate quality.

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“…However, it is important to take into account that in the majority of the studies adopted in these meta-analyses aggression is measured in artificial settings or by self reports in questionnaires. Again, “real-world” aggressive behavior during sport contests seems to be more consistently related to 2D:4D (Perciavalle et al, 2013 ; Mailhos et al, 2016 ). Furthermore, typical studies focus on linear relationships between 2D:4D and aggression without taking the context into account.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Context Dependent Interpretation of Inconsistencies in 2D:4D Findings: The Moderating Role of Status Relevance

Millet

Buehler

2018

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Whereas direct relationships between 2D:4D and dominance related attitudes or behavior often turn out to be weak, some literature suggests that the relation between 2D:4D and dominance is context-specific. That is, especially in status-challenging situations 2D:4D may be related to dominant behavior and its correlates. Based on this perspective, we interpret inconsistencies in the literature on the relation between 2D:4D and risk taking, aggression and dominance related outcomes and investigate in our empirical study how attitudes in low 2D:4D men may change as a function of the status relevance of the context. We provide evidence for the idea that status relevance of the particular situation at hand influences the attitude towards performance-enhancing means for low 2D:4D men, but not for high 2D:4D men. We argue that 2D:4D may be related to any behavior that is functional to attain status in a specific context. Implications for (economic) decision making are discussed.

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Soccer players awarded one or more red cards exhibit lower 2D:4D ratios

Cited by 16 publications

References 91 publications

Relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and game‐related statistics in professional and semi‐professional male basketball players

Relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and game‐related statistics in professional and semi‐professional male basketball players

Men Who Compliment a Woman's Appearance Using Metaphorical Language: Associations with Creativity, Masculinity, Intelligence and Attractiveness

A Context Dependent Interpretation of Inconsistencies in 2D:4D Findings: The Moderating Role of Status Relevance

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