Socio-demographic characters, distribution and transformation of iodine in soil, plant and wheat grains at District Diamer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Abstract

Iodine deficiency in soils and plants is a common problem in the hilly areas and has still been ignored. The aim of the current study is to investigate associated health issues, socio-economic characteristics and people's perception regarding iodine deficiency. Furthermore, a follow-up study was conducted to determine iodine and nutrients concentration in soil and crops at District Diamer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. A descriptive and empirical analysis was examined. Most importantly, male was significantly observed as more affected for iodine deficiency than female, as contrary to the literature, socio-economic factors such as households' income and awareness (education) are reported as negative and significant contributor to reduce the iodine deficiency among the people irrespective of the gender. Majority of people (84%) heard about the iodine, but about 51.6% people argue that iodine has no effect on the human body and 56% of the respondents do not know why iodine is necessary for human. It was found that 11.5% of the community was affected from the IDD and majority of them were females. Wheat crops were the principal crop since it supplies 75% of calorific energy in an average Pakistani diet. The concentrations of iodine in soil samples range from 4.21 to 5.45 mg kg. The concentration of iodine in wheat crop plant sampled were considerably varied as Boner > Gais > Goher Abad with 1.12, 0.91 and 0.81 mg kg. respectively. Likewise, grain iodine concentration was varied as Gais > Boner > Goher Abad with 0.126, 0.102 and 0.078 mg kg, respectively. This study exposed that community using the cereal crops could face iodine deficiency in their diet which can cause endemic goiter among the population and control the iodine deficiency by empowering the rural community to raise the income level and providing the awareness to the people.

Multiple geochemical factors may cause iodine and selenium deficiency in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

“…Deficiencies can be resolved by supplying sufficient I and Se in the diets of affected populations via food fortification with I and Se or use of iodised salt (Hetzel, 1983;Lyons, 2018;Malagoli et al, 2015;Rayman, 2000;Sun et al, 2017;). Iodine deficiency is generally widespread in remote mountainous areas (Faridullah, 2017;Kelly & Snedden, 1958). Thus, Gilgit-Baltistan, located in the Himalayan region, has a history of I deficiency disorders (IDD) (Stewart, 1990;Shah et al, 2014;Faridullah et al, 2017;Khattak et al, 2017).…”

“…Iodine deficiency is generally widespread in remote mountainous areas (Faridullah, 2017;Kelly & Snedden, 1958). Thus, Gilgit-Baltistan, located in the Himalayan region, has a history of I deficiency disorders (IDD) (Stewart, 1990;Shah et al, 2014;Faridullah et al, 2017;Khattak et al, 2017). Furthermore, co-existing deficiency of I and Se can result in some extreme forms of IDD (e.g.…”