Sociodemographic, Lifestyle and Health Factors Associated With Depression Among Adults in Malaysia: An Ethnic Comparison

Abstract

Background: Depression is a serious mental health illness worldwide. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between depression and its risk factors of sociodemography, lifestyle, and health among the adults of the different ethnic groups in Malaysia. Method: A nationwide database with 10141 observations was used. Multivariable logistic regression analyses stratified by ethnicity were estimated. Results: Ethnicity and gender, age, education, marital status and self-rated health were correlated to the likelihood of having depression. Malay females and smokers (AOR: 2.083) were more likely to suffer from depression than Malay males (AOR: 0.305) and non-smokers. Higher-income Chinese displayed higher odds of having depression than lower-income Chinese (AOR: 1.009). Indians and others with secondary-level education displayed a lower likelihood of developing depression compared to those with primary-level education (AOR: 0.587). Conclusion: This study could contribute significantly to the formulation and development of an effective policy directed towards reducing the prevalence of depression in the vulnerable. These were the adults, in the younger age group, with lower education, with self-rated poor health, being female, unmarried, Malay and Chinese, and Indians and others. A nationwide policy targeted towards the Malay females to reduce their depression, with attention to the Chinese with a high income, and to the Indians and others with poor educational background to improve their knowledge of mental health, would be worthy of consideration.

Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, and Health Factors Associated With Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Malaysian Adults

“…On another dimension, being married instead of unmarried was associated with a reduced likelihood of suffering from depression and GAD, which was similar to the findings of previous studies. 7,8,16,17,20 Due to data limitation, the causality between marital status and mental health illness was not tested, thereby, how marriage could improve mental health over time remained poorly understood and warranted a detailed longitudinal study to look into this phenomenon. Nonetheless, our findings call for policy makers to pay special attention to some unmarried individuals.…”

“…To date, numerous studies related to factors associated with mental health illness, especially depression have been conducted in Malaysia. The studies found that mental illness was significantly associated with income, 7-11 age, 8,11-16 gender, 7-9,13,15,16 ethnicity, 11,17 education, 7,11,18,19 marital status, 7,8,14-17,20 employment status, 11,14,15,18 smoking, 19 and health status. 12,15 In the present study, we extended the analysis of previous studies by using a better statistical model, that is, bivariate probit model, to examine mental illness.…”