Sodankylä manual snow survey program

Leppänen, Leena; Kontu, Anna; Hannula, Henna-Reetta; Sjöblom, Heidi; Pulliainen, Jouni

doi:10.5194/gi-5-163-2016

Cited by 48 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The time series of SSA measurements are not a part of the NoSREx consolidated datasets but are available on separate request. A detailed description of the manual snow observation programme, of which the snow pit measurements are a part, is given by Leppänen et al (2016).…”

Section: Manual In Situ Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nordic Snow Radar Experiment

Lemmetyinen

Kontu

Pulliainen

et al. 2016

Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst.

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Abstract. The objective of the Nordic Snow Radar Experiment (NoSREx) campaign was to provide a continuous time series of active and passive microwave observations of snow cover at a representative location of the Arctic boreal forest area, covering a whole winter season. The activity was a part of Phase A studies for the ESA Earth Explorer 7 candidate mission CoReH2O (Cold Regions Hydrology Highresolution Observatory).The NoSREx campaign, conducted at the Finnish Meteorological Institute Arctic Research Centre (FMI-ARC) in Sodankylä, Finland, hosted a frequency scanning scatterometer operating at frequencies from X-to Ku-band. The radar observations were complemented by a microwave dualpolarization radiometer system operating from X-to Wbands. In situ measurements consisted of manual snow pit measurements at the main test site as well as extensive automated measurements on snow, ground and meteorological parameters.This study provides a summary of the obtained data, detailing measurement protocols for each microwave instrument and in situ reference data. A first analysis of the microwave signatures against snow parameters is given, also comparing observed radar backscattering and microwave emission to predictions of an active/passive forward model.All data, including the raw data observations, are available for research purposes through the European Space Agency and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. A consolidated dataset of observations, comprising the key microwave and in situ observations, is provided through the ESA campaign data portal to enable easy access to the data.

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Section: Manual In Situ Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nordic Snow Radar Experiment

Lemmetyinen

Kontu

Pulliainen

et al. 2016

Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst.

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“…Typically, the average maximum snow depth (~80 cm) occurs in late March. The average air temperature is below 0 • C from November to April, and the average wind speed is low (1-2 m s −1 ) in the area as described in [35]. Several automated instruments measuring snow, soil, radiation, and meteorological parameters are installed in the IOA, in addition to manually recorded snow pit measurements [35].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of QualitySpec Trek Reflectance from Vertical Profiles of Taiga Snowpack

Leppänen¹,

Kontu²

2018

Geosciences

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Snow microstructure is an important factor for microwave and optical remote sensing of snow. One parameter used to describe it is the specific surface area (SSA), which is defined as the surface-area-to-mass ratio of snow grains. Reflectance at near infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths is sensitive to grain size and therefore also to SSA through the theoretical relationship between SSA and optical equivalent grain size. To observe SSA, the IceCube measures the hemispherical reflectance of a 1310 nm laser diode from the snow sample surface. The recently developed hand-held QualitySpec Trek (QST) instrument measures the almost bidirectional spectral reflectance in the range of 350-2500 nm with direct contact to the object. The geometry is similar to the Contact Probe, which was previously used successfully for snow measurements. The collected data set includes five snow pit measurements made using both IceCube and QST in a taiga snowpack in spring 2017 in Sodankylä, Finland. In this study, the correlation between SSA and a ratio of 1260 nm reflectance to differentiate between 1260 nm and 1160 nm reflectances is researched. The correlation coefficient varied between 0.85 and 0.98, which demonstrates an empirical linear relationship between SSA and reflectance observations of QST.

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“…The mast measurement area was photographed with wide-angle digital camera after each spectral measurement for target characteristics description. Although no other specific reference data were acquired for the mast observations, the extensive collection of automatic and manual in situ observations from the IOA site are available, including weekly snow pit 415 measurements collected along the Sodankylä Manual Snow Survey Programme (Leppänen et al, 2016). As the field measurements were also conducted in different terrain, some information was collected about the surroundings, namely land cover type and snow patchiness.…”

Section: Reference Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The changing seasonal snow cover affects the boreal forest carbon uptake and storage and hydrological cycle that are important features of the boreal ecology also in Sodankylä region (Pan et al, 2011). The landscape around the Sodankylä station is relatively flat, with isolated fells reaching up to 500 m. The landscape consists of sparse pine dominated coniferous forests and open areas on mineral soil as well as open peat bogs (Leppänen et al, 2016). 140…”

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confidence: 99%

Laboratory, field, mast-borne and airborne spectral reflectance measurements of boreal landscape during spring

Hannula¹,

Heinilä²,

Böttcher³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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We publish and describe a surface spectral reflectance data record of seasonal snow (dry, wet, shadowed), forest 10 ground (lichen, moss) and forest canopy (spruce and pine, branches) constituting the main elements of the boreal landscape.The reflectances are measured with spectro(radio)meters covering the wavelengths from visible (VIS) to short-wave infrared (SWIR) (350 to 2500 nm). In this paper, we describe the instruments used and how the spectral observations at different scales along with the concurrent in situ reference data have been collected, processed and archived. Information on the quality of the data and factors causing uncertainty are discussed. The main experimental site is located in Sodankylä Arctic 15 Space Centre in northern Finland (67.37° N, 26.63° E) and the surrounding region. The collection includes highly controlled snow and conifer branch laboratory spectral measurements, portable field spectroradiometer observations of snow and snowfree ground at different locations and continuous mast-borne reflectance time series data of a pine forest and forest opening. In addition to the surface level spectral reflectance, data from airborne imaging spectrometer campaigns over Sodankylä boreal forest and Saariselkä fell region at selected spectral bands are included in the collection. All measurements of the data 20 record correspond to a typical polar orbiting satellite observation event in high latitude spring season regarding their sun or illumination source (calibrated lamp) zenith angle and close to nadir instrument viewing angle. For all measurement geometries, observations are given in surface reflectance quantity corresponding to the typical representation of a satellite observation quantity to facilitate their comparison with other data sources. The openly accessible spectral reflectance data at multiple scales are suitable e.g. to climate and hydrological research and remote sensing model validation and development. 25

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Sodankylä manual snow survey program

Cited by 48 publications

References 43 publications

Nordic Snow Radar Experiment

Nordic Snow Radar Experiment

Analysis of QualitySpec Trek Reflectance from Vertical Profiles of Taiga Snowpack

Laboratory, field, mast-borne and airborne spectral reflectance measurements of boreal landscape during spring

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