Sodium and potassium intake and balance in adults consuming self-selected diets

Holbrook, Janet T.; Patterson, Kristine Y.; Bodner, J E; Douglas, Larry W.; Veillon, Claude; Kelsay, June L.; Mertz, Walter; Smith, JW

doi:10.1093/ajcn/40.4.786

Cited by 331 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The 24-h urine collection method is considered to be the most reliable, because most of the Na and K a subject takes is excreted into the urine, as long as there is no external loss such as diarrhoea or excessive perspiration. 22 However, the 24-h urine collection method is not readily conducted in ordinal population groups. Many subjects are not willing to collect their urine for a whole day in their daily living, because they always have to carry urine jars with them and they need to be careful to collect their urine completely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen

et al. 2002

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In order to estimate the salt and potassium intake in a population and to compare their annual trends, we developed a simple method to estimate population mean levels of 24-h urinary sodium (24HUNaV) and potassium (24HUKV) excretion from spot urine specimens collected at any time. Using 591 Japanese data items from the INTERSALT study as a gold standard, we developed formulas to estimate 24-h urinary creatinine (24HUCrV), 24HUNaV and 24HUKV using both spot and 24-h urine collection samples. To examine the accuracy of the formulas, we applied these equations to 513 external manual workers. The obtained formulas were as follows: (1) PRCr (mg/day) = −2.04 × age + 14.89 × weight (kg) + 16.14 × height (cm) − 2244.45; (2) estimated 24HUNaV (mEq/day) = 21.98 × XNa 0.392 ; (3) estimated 24HUKV (mEq/day) = 7.59 × XK 0.431 ; where PRCr = predicted value of 24HUCr, SUNa = Na concentration in the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen

et al. 2002

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“…As approximately 90% of a person's sodium intake is excreted in the urine, 17 daily sodium excretion was considered to be equal to daily salt intake and was expressed as grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) per day as suggested by the Japanese guideline. 3 The formula for estimating the salt intake (grams of NaCl per day) was 0.96Â((UNa/UCr/10)Âpredicted daily creatinine excretion) 0.5 , where UNa is the urinary sodium concentration (mEq l À1 ), and UCr is the urinary creatinine concentration (mg 100 ml À1 ).…”

Section: Measurements and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method

et al. 2010

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The second morning urine (SMU) method was developed to evaluate daily salt intake, but the posture that should be adopted until the SMU collection remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of posture in hypertensive patients who underwent this test. The subjects were 100 patients who could collect 24-h urine samples correctly and were on a diet containing 7 g of salt per day. Their daily salt intake was estimated for three consecutive days in the recumbent, sitting, and sitting and standing positions (one posture each day). Estimated salt intake in the recumbent position (10.9±2.4 g day À1 ) was higher than in the sitting position (7.5 ± 2.0 g day À1 ) and the sitting and standing position (6.3 ± 1.7 g day À1 ). The salt intake estimated in the sitting and standing position was similar to that obtained by 24-h urine collection (6.3 ± 1.6 g day À1 ) and was significantly (r¼0.44, Po0.05) correlated with the 24-h urine value. The actual difference in estimated salt intake between the two methods was 0.0 ± 1.7 g day À1 . There were no significant differences in estimated salt intake between the two methods in patients taking different classes of antihypertensive drugs. In conclusion, adopting the sitting and standing position until the SMU collection is important for the correct estimation of daily salt intake, and this method could replace the 24-h collection method because of its convenience, especially in outpatients.

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“…[12][13][14] To collect a 24-h urine and measure the content is an accurate but difficult method for most patients, especially working people. In a previous study, creatinine and sodium content were measured in either a spot urine or overnight urine sample and 24-h sodium excretion (Na 24 ) was estimated from the ratio of 24-h predicted creatinine based on body weight, body height and age 15,16 or on lean body mass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-monitoring of home blood pressure with estimation of daily salt intake using a new electrical device

Yamasue

Tochikubo

Kono³

et al. 2006

J Hum Hypertens

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We investigated a simple device to monitor daily salt intake at home and examined the relationship between salt excretion and morning blood pressure in order to enable patients to better manage daily salt intake and hypertension. The correlation between 24-h urinary salt excretion and measured value with salt monitor from overnight urine was significant (n ¼ 224, r ¼ 0.72, Po0.001). A total of 46 volunteers participated for more than 3 weeks by measuring daily salt intake and morning blood pressure. The relationship between predicted daily salt excretion and blood pressure was examined with use of 3-day moving average. Mean salt excretion and systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly decreased by the end of the trial (i.e., salt excretion decreased from 158731 to 149730 mmol/day and SBP from 137717 to 133716 mm Hg). Of 46 participants, 18 (39%) had a significant correlation between predicted daily salt excretion and blood pressure (r40.4, Po0.05, n421), indicating sodium sensitivity. An additional 17% had a positive correlation that did not reach statistical significance (0.2orp0.4), and the remaining 44% had no correlation (rp0.2). Mean decrease in blood pressure per decrease in salt (g) (17 mmol) intake in the 18 participants with a significant correlation was 3.3 mm Hg (SBP) and 1.5 mm Hg (diastolic blood pressure), which was higher than that reported for other studies. Hypertensive patients not using medication showed the largest decrease. We conclude that daily monitoring of salt intake and morning blood pressure will be useful for management of hypertension.

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Sodium and potassium intake and balance in adults consuming self-selected diets

Cited by 331 publications

References 20 publications

A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen

A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen

The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method

Self-monitoring of home blood pressure with estimation of daily salt intake using a new electrical device

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