Sodium hypochlorite injection into periapical tissues

Comparison of Organic Tissue Dissolution Capacities of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorine Dioxide

“…The disadvantage of using 5.25% NaOCl as an endodontic irrigant is its extreme cytotoxicity. If extruded into the periapical tissues during therapy, it can cause excruciating pain, immediate swelling, and profuse bleeding (8,9). The ensuing local tissue necrosis and ecchymosis will persist for several days.…”

Diterpenes of the pimarane type isolated from Viguiera arenaria: Promising in vitro biological potential as therapeutic agents for endodontics

“…The results provided by the cytotoxic activity investigation might be as clinically relevant as previous findings for other dose-and time-dependent compounds like CDH (Lessa et al, 2010) and sodium hypochlorite (Pashely et al, 1985;Sabala and Powell, 1989). The in vitro cytotoxicity of diterpenes I, II, and III against human fibroblasts might not be the same as the cytotoxicity of these compounds in dental materials or in other experimental conditions, which would require additional in vitro and in vivo assays.…”

Review: the use of sodium hypochlorite in endodontics — potential complications and their management

“…This leads to rapid tissue swelling both intra orally within the surrounding mucosa and extra orally within the skin and subcutaneous tissues. The swelling may be oedematous, haemorrhagic or both, 15 and may extend beyond the region that might be expected with an acute infection of the affected tooth 16,17 (Figs 1, 2). Sudden onset of pain is a hallmark of tissue damage, and may occur immediately or be delayed for several minutes or hours.…”