Sodium reduction in processed foods, including processed meats, in Africa: A systemic review

Abstract

The use of sodium in processed foods, including meats, has been in existent over centuries. Its use is mainly as a food and meat processing aid, and a preservative and flavourant. Even with modern methods of food processing, sodium is still essential in food and meat derivatives due to different dietary demands by consumers. Sodium chloride, sodium nitrate and nitrite are common in meat processing for various uses such as curing, smoking and brining. Due to the increasing global sodium intake, chronic adverse health effects, such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, stroke, cancers, among others, have also been on the rise, particularly in urban areas. African countries have a proportional increase of dietary sodium due to the adoption of western diets with high sodium and saturated fats. Subsequently, South Africa promulgated legislation that prescribed the first mandatory sodium limits in 2013. The purpose of this review is to determine, (1) the sodium reduction interventions agreed by African states in forums and meetings in the past five years (2017-2021) and, (2) sodium reduction strategies recommended through research by African scholars. This systemic review was conducted from English literature published between 2017 and 2021, using Science web, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, with a specific focus on African countries. From the findings of this systemic review, there were minimal sodium reduction interventions by African states, emanating from published forums and meetings, to establish collaborated sodium reduction strategies in processed foods. The studies conducted by African scholars in the past five years recommended sodium reduction interventions, such as legislative framework, product reformulation, monitoring models and consumer awareness, with most studies done in South Africa. It is evident that to have a meaningful impact on the control and reduction of dietary sodium, African countries require existing diplomacies to collaborate on sodium reduction efforts with public and private partnerships; this can be coordinated through inter-trade treaties among the African states. This requires an increase in research, commitment and the will to reduce dietary sodium in processed foods and meat by all member states. Key words: sodium, reduction, processed, meat, processing, effects, hypertension, nitrate, nitrite